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Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture\nMain article: Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution\nBritish textile industry\n\nWeaving with handlooms from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness in 1747\nIn 1750, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in Lancashire. The work was done by hand in workers' homes or master weavers' shops. Wages were six times those in India in 1770 when productivity in Britain was three times higher.[35] In 1787, raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded, and spun on machines.[7]: 41–42  The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, and 588 million pounds in 1850.[36]\n\nThe share of value added by the cotton industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22% in 1831. Value added by the woollen industry was 14% in 1801. Cotton factories numbered about 900 in 1797. In 1760, approximately one-third of cotton cloth manufactured was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781, cotton spun amounted to 5 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800, less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788, there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years.[35]\n\nWool\nThe earliest European attempts at mechanised spinning were with wool; however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanise than cotton. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant, but less than cotton.[7][37]\n\nSilk\n\nJohn Lombe's silk mill site today in Derby, rebuilt as Derby Silk Mill\nArguably the first highly mechanised factory was John Lombe's water-powered silk mill at Derby, operational by 1721. Lombe learned silk thread manufacturing by taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy; however, because the Italian silk industry guarded its secrets, the state of the industry at that time is unknown. Although Lombe's factory was technically successful, the supply of raw silk from Italy was cut off to eliminate competition. To promote manufacturing, the Crown paid for models of Lombe's machinery which were exhibited in the Tower of London.[38][39]\n","imageAlt":"old demolished factory 3D model 7216447","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-baf0d7fc-a586-4b5e-8a5a-a4db033b8aea","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/kkwkcfm3jppz92yoquxn6xmw6noi/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/9.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/kkwkcfm3jppz92yoquxn6xmw6noi/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/9.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/kkwkcfm3jppz92yoquxn6xmw6noi/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/9.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-baf0d7fc-a586-4b5e-8a5a-a4db033b8aea","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7216447/89e64c2220/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-3d-model-89e64c2220.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7216848","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7216848,"title":"old demolished factory 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture\nMain article: Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution\nBritish textile industry\n\nWeaving with handlooms from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness in 1747\nIn 1750, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in Lancashire. The work was done by hand in workers' homes or master weavers' shops. Wages were six times those in India in 1770 when productivity in Britain was three times higher.[35] In 1787, raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded, and spun on machines.[7]: 41–42  The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, and 588 million pounds in 1850.[36]\n\nThe share of value added by the cotton industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22% in 1831. Value added by the woollen industry was 14% in 1801. Cotton factories numbered about 900 in 1797. In 1760, approximately one-third of cotton cloth manufactured was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781, cotton spun amounted to 5 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800, less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788, there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years.[35]\n\nWool\nThe earliest European attempts at mechanised spinning were with wool; however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanise than cotton. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant, but less than cotton.[7][37]\n\nSilk","imageAlt":null,"url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-1f72ea46-6cc3-4bea-b828-0407d7a25c2e","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/sxytvyd87clwcx267aeqsqkkgp3e/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/sxytvyd87clwcx267aeqsqkkgp3e/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/sxytvyd87clwcx267aeqsqkkgp3e/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-1f72ea46-6cc3-4bea-b828-0407d7a25c2e","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7216848/75271943c1/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-3d-model-75271943c1.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7213191","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7213191,"title":"scrap crane 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture\nMain article: Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution\nBritish textile 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I myself used this Office interior 3D model in my projects and the only drawback that I found was that I could not find a similar 3D model with the same attention to detail and high quality on the market and I had to spend time to create it myself, however you have the opportunity to own it without struggles!\n\nWhile using the model, I noticed a bunch of things that simply save me hours of work on projects and hundreds of dollars, namely:\n\n- This 3D model is completely editable and I don't have to use expensive programs like Substance Surface to change the texture or color of the material, which makes the work a lot easier and saves a lot of money\n\n- All objects are real-sized, which helps me not only to use the model for games without any problems, but also to create realistic interior renders, whether for a real estate agency or for my own purposes\n\n- A huge plus of the model is the price, if you calculate the cost of all 3D models separately, you get about 500-800 dollars, while this collection will cost you only 49$ (first week even 35$)\n\nCompared to other 3D models on the market that have from 500, 000 up to 2 millions of vertices, this model contains only 150,000 which means you can use this project for a wider range of purposes thanks to its optimization, even on low-end computer\n\n**Usually in the first week I make a 50% discount on the model, so you should not hesitate with the decision and act now!**\n\nIf you have any questions about the model, feel free to write and I will be happy to answer","imageAlt":"3D model Modern Office Interior Design by Nikdox","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/interior/office-interior/modern-office-interior-design-by-nikdox","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":true,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/mja8qrzxz2dztln7l12vt47riq2n/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/mja8qrzxz2dztln7l12vt47riq2n/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/mja8qrzxz2dztln7l12vt47riq2n/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/interior/office-interior/modern-office-interior-design-by-nikdox","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":21,"name":".blend","is_native":true},{"id":null,"name":null,"is_native":false},{"id":219,"name":".exr","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":117,"name":".gltf","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":189,"name":".ply","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"interior","subcategorySlug":"office-interior","categoryTitle":"Interior","subcategoryTitle":"Office","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/6807928/201da7487d/modern-office-interior-design-by-nikdox-3d-model-201da7487d.webp","saleOffDiscount":50,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":true,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":"premium"}},{"id":"7212570","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7212570,"title":"old space observatory 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture\nMain article: Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution\nBritish textile industry\n\nWeaving with handlooms from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness in 1747\nIn 1750, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in Lancashire. The work was done by hand in workers' homes or master weavers' shops. Wages were six times those in India in 1770 when productivity in Britain was three times higher.[35] In 1787, raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded, and spun on machines.[7]: 41–42  The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, and 588 million pounds in 1850.[36]\n\nThe share of value added by the cotton industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22% in 1831. Value added by the woollen industry was 14% in 1801. Cotton factories numbered about 900 in 1797. In 1760, approximately one-third of cotton cloth manufactured was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781, cotton spun amounted to 5 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800, less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788, there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years.[35]\n\nWool\nThe earliest European attempts at mechanised spinning were with wool; however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanise than cotton. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant, but less than cotton.[7][37]\n\nSilk\n\nJohn Lombe's silk mill site today in Derby, rebuilt as Derby Silk Mill\nArguably the first highly mechanised factory was John Lombe's water-powered silk mill at Derby, operational by 1721. Lombe learned silk thread manufacturing by taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy; however, because the Italian silk industry guarded its secrets, the state of the industry at that time is unknown. Although Lombe's factory was technically successful, the supply of raw silk from Italy was cut off to eliminate competition. To promote manufacturing, the Crown paid for models of Lombe's machinery which were exhibited in the Tower of London.[38][39]\n\n","imageAlt":"old space observatory 3D model","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/architectural/other/old-space-observatory-3d-model","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/lx3i3wuw6fx6lxnapk7huo9htl4m/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/lx3i3wuw6fx6lxnapk7huo9htl4m/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/lx3i3wuw6fx6lxnapk7huo9htl4m/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/architectural/other/old-space-observatory-3d-model","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"architectural","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Architectural","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7212570/063c512247/old-space-observatory-3d-model-3d-model-063c512247.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7213001","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7213001,"title":" Large scrap metal satellite antenna 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"Uydu çanağı, radyo dalgaları yoluyla bir iletişim uydusundan bilgi almak veya ona bilgi iletmek için tasarlanmış, çanak şeklinde parabolik bir anten türüdür . Bu terim en yaygın olarak , jeostasyonel yörüngedeki bir doğrudan yayın uydusundan doğrudan yayın uydu televizyonu alan bir çanak anteni ifade eder .\n\nTarih\nParabolik veya \"çanak\" antenler, ilk yapay uydunun 1957'de fırlatılmasından çok önce, radyo teleskopları (1937'den itibaren) ve askeri amaçlarla (II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında) uçak takibi için kullanılıyordu.\n\nUydu çanağı terimi , uydu televizyon endüstrisinin başlangıcında, 1978 yılında ortaya atılmış ve iletişim uydularından sinyal gönderen ve/veya alan çanak antenleri ifade etmek için kullanılmıştır. Kaliforniya, San Andreas'tan Taylor Howard , 1976 yılında eski bir askeri çanağı uyarlayarak, onu kullanarak uydu televizyon sinyallerini alan ilk kişi olmuştur. [ 1 ]\n\nİlk uydu televizyon antenleri, C-band analog sinyallerini almak için yapılmıştı ve çok büyüktü. 1979 Neiman-Marcus Noel kataloğunun ön kapağında satışa sunulan ilk ev tipi uydu TV istasyonları yer alıyordu. [ 2 ] Antenlerin çapı yaklaşık 20 fit (6,1 m) idi. [ 3 ] 1980'lerin başlarındaki uydu antenleri 10 ila 16 fit (3,0 ila 4,9 m) çapındaydı [ 4 ] ve içine tel örgü veya alüminyum folyo tabakası yerleştirilmiş fiberglastan veya katı alüminyum veya çelikten yapılmıştı . [ 5 ]\n\nTel örgüden yapılmış uydu antenleri ilk olarak 1980'lerin başında ortaya çıktı ve başlangıçta 3,0 m çapındaydı. Ön uç teknolojisi geliştikçe ve LNB'lerin gürültü oranı düştükçe, boyut birkaç yıl sonra 2,4 m'ye kadar küçüldü ve 1980'lerin sonlarında 1,8 m'ye ve 1990'ların başlarında 1,2 m'ye kadar küçülmeye devam etti. [ 6 ] Bununla birlikte, daha büyük antenler kullanılmaya devam etti. [ 6 ] Aralık 1988'de Lüksemburg'un Astra 1A uydusu, Avrupa pazarı için Ku bandında analog televizyon sinyalleri iletmeye başladı . [ 7 ] Bu , küçük antenlerin (90 cm) ilk kez güvenilir bir şekilde kullanılmasına olanak sağladı. [ 7 ]\n\n1990'ların başlarında, dört büyük Amerikan kablo şirketi , orta güçteki uyduları kullanan doğrudan yayın şirketi PrimeStar'ı kurdu. [ 8 ] Nispeten güçlü Ku bandı iletimleri, ilk kez 90 cm kadar küçük çanak antenlerin kullanılmasına olanak sağladı. [ 8 ] 4 Mart 1996'da EchoStar , Digital Sky Highway'i ( Dish Network ) tanıttı . [ 9 ] Bu, yaygın olarak kullanılan ilk doğrudan yayın uydu televizyon sistemiydi ve 20 inç (51 cm) kadar küçük çanak antenlerin kullanılmasına izin verdi. Çanak anten boyutundaki bu büyük azalma, uydu çanak antenlerinin araçlara monte edilmesine de olanak sağladı. [ 10 ] Bu boyuttaki çanak antenler bugün hala kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, televizyon istasyonları, C bandı sinyallerinin Ku bandı sinyallerine göre yağmurdan daha az etkilenmesi nedeniyle, sinyallerini büyük çanak antenlerle C bandında iletmeyi hala tercih etmektedir . [ 11 ]\n\nÇalışma prensibi\n\nParabolik antenlerde kullanılan yansıma prensiplerinin şematik gösterimi\nÇanak antenin parabolik şekli , sinyali çanağın odak noktasına yansıtır . Çanağın odak noktasındaki braketlere monte edilmiş bir cihaza besleme boynuzu denir. Bu besleme boynuzu, esasen odak noktasında veya yakınında sinyalleri toplayan ve bunları düşük gürültülü bir blok aşağı dönüştürücüye veya LNB'ye 'iletken' olan bir dalga kılavuzunun ön ucudur . LNB, sinyalleri elektromanyetik veya radyo dalgalarından elektrik sinyallerine dönüştürür ve sinyalleri aşağı bağlantılı C bandından ve/veya Ku bandından L bandı aralığına kaydırır . Doğrudan yayın yapan uydu çanak antenleri, besleme boynuzunu LNB ile entegre eden bir LNBF kullanır. Yönlendirilmiş parabolik çanak anten kullanmayan ve araç gibi mobil bir platformda kullanılabilen yeni bir çok yönlü uydu anteni türü, 2004 yılında Waterloo Üniversitesi tarafından duyuruldu. [ 12 ]\n\nBir uydu anteninin teorik kazancı ( yönsel kazanç ), frekans arttıkça artar. Gerçek kazanç, yüzey kalitesi, şekil doğruluğu ve anten uyumu gibi birçok faktöre bağlıdır. 11,75 GHz'de tipik bir tüketici tipi 60 cm uydu anteni için değer 37,50 dB'dir.\n\nÖrneğin C bandı gibi daha düşük frekanslarda, çanak anten tasarımcılarının malzeme seçimi daha geniştir. Düşük frekanslar için gereken büyük çanak anten boyutu, çanak antenlerin metal bir çerçeve üzerine metal ağdan yapılmasına yol açmıştır. Daha yüksek frekanslarda ise ağ tipi tasarımlar daha nadirdir, ancak bazı tasarımlarda delikli katı çanak anten kullanılmıştır.\n\nYaygın bir yanılgı, çanak antenin önündeki cihaz olan LNBF'nin (düşük gürültülü blok/besleme boynuzu) sinyali doğrudan atmosferden aldığıdır. Örneğin, bir BBC Haber bağlantısı, \"kırmızı sinyalin\" çanak antene ışınlanmak yerine doğrudan LNBF tarafından alındığını göstermektedir; oysa parabolik şekli nedeniyle çanak anten sinyali daha küçük bir alanda toplar ve LNBF'ye iletir. [ 13 ]\n\nEv televizyonu kullanımı için tasarlanmış modern çanak antenler genellikle 43 cm (18 inç) ila 80 cm (31 inç) çapındadır ve tek bir yörünge konumundan Ku-bandı alımı için tek bir pozisyona sabitlenmiştir. Doğrudan yayın yapan uydu hizmetlerinin varlığından önce, ev kullanıcıları genellikle farklı uydulardan kanalları almak için 3 metreye kadar çapta motorlu bir C-bandı çanak anten kullanırlardı. Ancak, çok küçük çanak antenler yine de yağmur nedeniyle sinyal zayıflaması ve bitişik uydulardan kaynaklanan parazit gibi sorunlara neden olabilir.\n\nAvrupa\nAvrupa'da , DBS hizmetleri tarafından kullanılan frekanslar , H (Yatay) ve V (Dikey) olmak üzere iki polarizasyonda 10,7–12,75 GHz aralığındadır. Bu aralık, 10,7–11,7 GHz'lik bir \"düşük bant\" ve 11,7–12,75 GHz'lik bir \"yüksek bant\" olarak ikiye ayrılır. Bu, her biri yaklaşık 1 GHz bant genişliğine ve iki olası polarizasyona sahip iki frekans bandı ile sonuçlanır. LNB'de bunlar 950–2150 MHz'e düşürülür; bu, LNBF ile alıcı arasındaki koaksiyel kabloda uydu hizmeti için ayrılan frekans aralığıdır. Daha düşük frekanslar kablolu ve karasal TV , FM radyo vb. için ayrılmıştır. Bu frekans bantlarından yalnızca biri koaksiyel kabloya sığar, bu nedenle bu bantların her biri için LNBF'den bir anahtarlama matrisine ayrı bir kablo gerekir veya alıcının aynı anda 4 olasılıktan birini seçmesi gerekir. [ kaynak gerekli ]\n\nSistem tasarımı\nTek alıcılı konut kurulumunda, binadaki alıcı set üstü kutusundan çanak anten üzerindeki LNB'ye tek bir koaksiyel kablo uzanır. LNB için DC elektrik gücü, alıcıya sinyal taşıyan aynı koaksiyel kablo iletkenleri üzerinden sağlanır. Ek olarak, kontrol sinyalleri de alıcıdan LNB'ye kablo üzerinden iletilir. Alıcı, dikey/yatay anten polarizasyonunu seçmek için farklı güç kaynağı voltajları (13/18 V) ve LNB'ye iki frekans bandından birini seçmesi için talimat vermek üzere bir açma/kapama pilot tonu (22 kHz) kullanır. Daha büyük kurulumlarda, her bant ve polarizasyon için ayrı bir kablo kullanılır, bu nedenle LNB'den bir 'çoklu anahtarlama' anahtarlama matrisine 4 kablo gider; bu da tek alıcılı kurulumdakiyle aynı sinyalizasyon yöntemini kullanarak yıldız topolojisinde birden fazla alıcının çoklu anahtara bağlanmasına olanak tanır. 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Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture\nMain article: Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution\nBritish textile industry\n\nWeaving with handlooms from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness in 1747\nIn 1750, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in Lancashire. The work was done by hand in workers' homes or master weavers' shops. Wages were six times those in India in 1770 when productivity in Britain was three times higher.[35] In 1787, raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded, and spun on machines.[7]: 41–42  The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, and 588 million pounds in 1850.[36]\n\nThe share of value added by the cotton industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22% in 1831. Value added by the woollen industry was 14% in 1801. Cotton factories numbered about 900 in 1797. In 1760, approximately one-third of cotton cloth manufactured was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781, cotton spun amounted to 5 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800, less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788, there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years.[35]\n\nWool\nThe earliest European attempts at mechanised spinning were with wool; however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanise than cotton. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant, but less than cotton.[7][37]","imageAlt":null,"url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-396b61b9-a6a5-4a92-98d8-f4ec1fb0dd7e","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/tcgguphxwcc1sujg1af5bnpjg3sk/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/tcgguphxwcc1sujg1af5bnpjg3sk/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/tcgguphxwcc1sujg1af5bnpjg3sk/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-396b61b9-a6a5-4a92-98d8-f4ec1fb0dd7e","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7216698/9d549abd3d/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-3d-model-9d549abd3d.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7213111","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7213111,"title":"Scrap liquefied gas storage 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"Flüssiggaslagerbehälter sind Druckbehälter, in denen Flüssiggas gelagert wird. Das so gelagerte Gas dient in der Regel zu Heiz- und Kochzwecken.\n\nFlüssiggaslagerbehälter gibt es in folgenden Ausführungen:[1]\n\noberirdisch\nhalboberirdisch\nunterirdisch\nortsbeweglich (siehe Gasflasche)\nFlüssiggaslagerbehälter sind überwachungsbedürftige Anlagen und müssen regelmäßig durch eine zugelassene Überwachungsstelle geprüft werden. Die Prüffristen betragen in der Regel 10 Jahre.[2]\n\nIn Durchgängen, Durchfahrten, Treppenräumen oder an Treppen von Freianlagen, Fluren, Feuerwehrzufahrten und Notausgängen dürfen Flüssiggasbehälter nicht aufgestellt werden.[3]\n\nFür die Aufstellung und den Betrieb derartiger Behälter sind Technische Regeln, insbesondere die Technische Regeln für Betriebssicherheit TRBS und die Technische Regel Flüssiggas TRF, zu beachten. Flüssiggase sind schwerer als Luft, daher ist bei der Lagerung darauf zu achten, dass eventuell austretendes Gas sich nicht in tiefer liegenden Bereichen ansammelt.[4]","imageAlt":"Scrap liquefied gas storage 3D model","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/scrap-liquefied-gas-storage-3d-model","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/y89au7jqp3jfvk2la6zim83eydx0/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/y89au7jqp3jfvk2la6zim83eydx0/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/y89au7jqp3jfvk2la6zim83eydx0/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/scrap-liquefied-gas-storage-3d-model","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7213111/131cef0574/scrap-liquefied-gas-storage-3d-model-3d-model-131cef0574.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7214286","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7214286,"title":"water tank 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture\nMain article: Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution\nBritish textile industry\n\nWeaving with handlooms from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness in 1747\nIn 1750, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in Lancashire. The work was done by hand in workers' homes or master weavers' shops. Wages were six times those in India in 1770 when productivity in Britain was three times higher.[35] In 1787, raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded, and spun on machines.[7]: 41–42  The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, and 588 million pounds in 1850.[36]\n\nThe share of value added by the cotton industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22% in 1831. Value added by the woollen industry was 14% in 1801. Cotton factories numbered about 900 in 1797. In 1760, approximately one-third of cotton cloth manufactured was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781, cotton spun amounted to 5 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800, less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788, there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years.[35]\n\nWool\nThe earliest European attempts at mechanised spinning were with wool; however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanise than cotton. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant, but less than cotton.[7][37]\n\nSilk\n\nJohn Lombe's silk mill site today in Derby, rebuilt as Derby Silk Mill\n\n\nCotton was a difficult raw material for Europe to obtain before it was grown on colonial plantations.[35] Spanish explorers found Native Americans growing sea island (Gossypium barbadense) and upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Sea island cotton was exported from Barbados from the 1650s. Upland cotton was uneconomical because of the difficulty of removing seed, a problem solved by the cotton gin.[13]: 157  A strain of cotton seed brought from Mexico to Na","imageAlt":"water tank 3D model 7214286","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/industrial-machine/water-tank-3d-model-28193064-ccb6-4094-9630-a13a31ed2519","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/49mjg2nqtyb9othk26fmuy8lj28k/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/49mjg2nqtyb9othk26fmuy8lj28k/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/49mjg2nqtyb9othk26fmuy8lj28k/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/industrial-machine/water-tank-3d-model-28193064-ccb6-4094-9630-a13a31ed2519","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"industrial-machine","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Machine","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7214286/8abcdb2a62/water-tank-3d-model-3d-model-8abcdb2a62.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7216784","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7216784,"title":"old demolished factory 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"\nold demolished factory 3D model\n\nThe Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture\nMain article: Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution\nBritish textile industry","imageAlt":null,"url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-fcce72b4-d625-4973-ad45-95478e9c8b0f","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/4wsnqb5bq4fgywnryf3sycw4wavo/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/4wsnqb5bq4fgywnryf3sycw4wavo/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/4wsnqb5bq4fgywnryf3sycw4wavo/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-fcce72b4-d625-4973-ad45-95478e9c8b0f","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7216784/0be4d46168/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-3d-model-0be4d46168.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7223207","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7223207,"title":" oil rig 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"\nThe Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture\nMain article: Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution\nBritish textile industry\n\nWeaving with handlooms from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness in 1747\nIn 1750, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in Lancashire. 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Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture\nMain article: Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution\nBritish textile industry\n\nWeaving with handlooms from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness in 1747\nIn 1750, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in Lancashire. The work was done by hand in workers' homes or master weavers' shops. Wages were six times those in India in 1770 when productivity in Britain was three times higher.[35] In 1787, raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded, and spun on machines.[7]: 41–42  The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, and 588 million pounds in 1850.[36]\n\nThe share of value added by the cotton industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22% in 1831. Value added by the woollen industry was 14% in 1801. Cotton factories numbered about 900 in 1797. In 1760, approximately one-third of cotton cloth manufactured was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781, cotton spun amounted to 5 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800, less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788, there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years.[35]\n\nWool\nThe earliest European attempts at mechanised spinning were with wool; however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanise than cotton. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant, but less than cotton.[7][37]\n\nSilk\n\n","imageAlt":"old demolished factory 3D model","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-1acaf692-fc33-42ba-b702-31f186f0eaee","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/6p85qogq3ticshxkmkwxru6zzejn/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/6p85qogq3ticshxkmkwxru6zzejn/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/6p85qogq3ticshxkmkwxru6zzejn/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-1acaf692-fc33-42ba-b702-31f186f0eaee","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7216344/eb4d252f63/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-3d-model-eb4d252f63.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7216525","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7216525,"title":"old demolished factory 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture\nMain article: Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution\nBritish textile industry\n\nWeaving with handlooms from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness in 1747\nIn 1750, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in Lancashire. The work was done by hand in workers' homes or master weavers' shops. Wages were six times those in India in 1770 when productivity in Britain was three times higher.[35] In 1787, raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded, and spun on machines.[7]: 41–42  The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, and 588 million pounds in 1850.[36]\n\nThe share of value added by the cotton industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22% in 1831. Value added by the woollen industry was 14% in 1801. Cotton factories numbered about 900 in 1797. In 1760, approximately one-third of cotton cloth manufactured was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781, cotton spun amounted to 5 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800, less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788, there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years.[35]\n\nWool\nThe earliest European attempts at mechanised spinning were with wool; however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanise than cotton. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant, but less than cotton.[7][37]","imageAlt":null,"url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-3aabd011-02cf-41ae-9e3e-ed2127666ba5","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/c57al8dt94rjl1axdl7gnris0pvq/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/c57al8dt94rjl1axdl7gnris0pvq/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/c57al8dt94rjl1axdl7gnris0pvq/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-3aabd011-02cf-41ae-9e3e-ed2127666ba5","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7216525/222d92766b/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-3d-model-222d92766b.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"6842117","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":6842117,"title":"workplace set 911","price":7.0,"description":"Name: workplace set 911\nType: model\nMid: {7E555AC5-08A9-4999-A9BC-DBCB3C13EE70}\nFormat: 3Ds Max 2019\nExport: FBX\nRender: VRay (6.x), Corona (11)\nPolys: 590291\nVerts: 524228\nMatclasses: Multimaterial,VRayMtl,_CoronaPhysicalMtl\nUnits: Centimeters\nDimension: 307.05 x 211.33 x 281.53\nPreset: FULL CUSTOM","imageAlt":"workplace set 911 3D model","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/interior/office-interior/workplace-set-911","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":true,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/w9tw3dingaq9p5xp1uzv9mwo4nd7/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/b0%20copy.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/w9tw3dingaq9p5xp1uzv9mwo4nd7/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/b0%20copy.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/w9tw3dingaq9p5xp1uzv9mwo4nd7/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/b0%20copy.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/interior/office-interior/workplace-set-911","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":17,"name":".max","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"interior","subcategorySlug":"office-interior","categoryTitle":"Interior","subcategoryTitle":"Office","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/6842117/e310e6c331/workplace-set-911-3d-model-e310e6c331.webp","saleOffDiscount":30,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":true,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":"essentials"}},{"id":"7223283","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7223283,"title":"old silo 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision me","imageAlt":"old silo 3D model","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-silo-3d-model","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/9cvp88st716ckgxs69umb29fy94t/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/9cvp88st716ckgxs69umb29fy94t/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/9cvp88st716ckgxs69umb29fy94t/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-silo-3d-model","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7223283/83bcd4d4d8/old-silo-3d-model-3d-model-83bcd4d4d8.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7212862","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7212862,"title":" Large scrap metal satellite antenna 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"Uydu çanağı, radyo dalgaları yoluyla bir iletişim uydusundan bilgi almak veya ona bilgi iletmek için tasarlanmış, çanak şeklinde parabolik bir anten türüdür . Bu terim en yaygın olarak , jeostasyonel yörüngedeki bir doğrudan yayın uydusundan doğrudan yayın uydu televizyonu alan bir çanak anteni ifade eder .\n\nTarih\nParabolik veya \"çanak\" antenler, ilk yapay uydunun 1957'de fırlatılmasından çok önce, radyo teleskopları (1937'den itibaren) ve askeri amaçlarla (II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında) uçak takibi için kullanılıyordu.\n\nUydu çanağı terimi , uydu televizyon endüstrisinin başlangıcında, 1978 yılında ortaya atılmış ve iletişim uydularından sinyal gönderen ve/veya alan çanak antenleri ifade etmek için kullanılmıştır. Kaliforniya, San Andreas'tan Taylor Howard , 1976 yılında eski bir askeri çanağı uyarlayarak, onu kullanarak uydu televizyon sinyallerini alan ilk kişi olmuştur. [ 1 ]\n\nİlk uydu televizyon antenleri, C-band analog sinyallerini almak için yapılmıştı ve çok büyüktü. 1979 Neiman-Marcus Noel kataloğunun ön kapağında satışa sunulan ilk ev tipi uydu TV istasyonları yer alıyordu. [ 2 ] Antenlerin çapı yaklaşık 20 fit (6,1 m) idi. [ 3 ] 1980'lerin başlarındaki uydu antenleri 10 ila 16 fit (3,0 ila 4,9 m) çapındaydı [ 4 ] ve içine tel örgü veya alüminyum folyo tabakası yerleştirilmiş fiberglastan veya katı alüminyum veya çelikten yapılmıştı . [ 5 ]\n\nTel örgüden yapılmış uydu antenleri ilk olarak 1980'lerin başında ortaya çıktı ve başlangıçta 3,0 m çapındaydı. Ön uç teknolojisi geliştikçe ve LNB'lerin gürültü oranı düştükçe, boyut birkaç yıl sonra 2,4 m'ye kadar küçüldü ve 1980'lerin sonlarında 1,8 m'ye ve 1990'ların başlarında 1,2 m'ye kadar küçülmeye devam etti. [ 6 ] Bununla birlikte, daha büyük antenler kullanılmaya devam etti. [ 6 ] Aralık 1988'de Lüksemburg'un Astra 1A uydusu, Avrupa pazarı için Ku bandında analog televizyon sinyalleri iletmeye başladı . [ 7 ] Bu , küçük antenlerin (90 cm) ilk kez güvenilir bir şekilde kullanılmasına olanak sağladı. [ 7 ]\n\n1990'ların başlarında, dört büyük Amerikan kablo şirketi , orta güçteki uyduları kullanan doğrudan yayın şirketi PrimeStar'ı kurdu. [ 8 ] Nispeten güçlü Ku bandı iletimleri, ilk kez 90 cm kadar küçük çanak antenlerin kullanılmasına olanak sağladı. [ 8 ] 4 Mart 1996'da EchoStar , Digital Sky Highway'i ( Dish Network ) tanıttı . [ 9 ] Bu, yaygın olarak kullanılan ilk doğrudan yayın uydu televizyon sistemiydi ve 20 inç (51 cm) kadar küçük çanak antenlerin kullanılmasına izin verdi. Çanak anten boyutundaki bu büyük azalma, uydu çanak antenlerinin araçlara monte edilmesine de olanak sağladı. [ 10 ] Bu boyuttaki çanak antenler bugün hala kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, televizyon istasyonları, C bandı sinyallerinin Ku bandı sinyallerine göre yağmurdan daha az etkilenmesi nedeniyle, sinyallerini büyük çanak antenlerle C bandında iletmeyi hala tercih etmektedir . [ 11 ]\n\nÇalışma prensibi\n\nParabolik antenlerde kullanılan yansıma prensiplerinin şematik gösterimi\nÇanak antenin parabolik şekli , sinyali çanağın odak noktasına yansıtır . Çanağın odak noktasındaki braketlere monte edilmiş bir cihaza besleme boynuzu denir. Bu besleme boynuzu, esasen odak noktasında veya yakınında sinyalleri toplayan ve bunları düşük gürültülü bir blok aşağı dönüştürücüye veya LNB'ye 'iletken' olan bir dalga kılavuzunun ön ucudur . LNB, sinyalleri elektromanyetik veya radyo dalgalarından elektrik sinyallerine dönüştürür ve sinyalleri aşağı bağlantılı C bandından ve/veya Ku bandından L bandı aralığına kaydırır . Doğrudan yayın yapan uydu çanak antenleri, besleme boynuzunu LNB ile entegre eden bir LNBF kullanır. Yönlendirilmiş parabolik çanak anten kullanmayan ve araç gibi mobil bir platformda kullanılabilen yeni bir çok yönlü uydu anteni türü, 2004 yılında Waterloo Üniversitesi tarafından duyuruldu. [ 12 ]\n\nBir uydu anteninin teorik kazancı ( yönsel kazanç ), frekans arttıkça artar. Gerçek kazanç, yüzey kalitesi, şekil doğruluğu ve anten uyumu gibi birçok faktöre bağlıdır. 11,75 GHz'de tipik bir tüketici tipi 60 cm uydu anteni için değer 37,50 dB'dir.\n\nÖrneğin C bandı gibi daha düşük frekanslarda, çanak anten tasarımcılarının malzeme seçimi daha geniştir. Düşük frekanslar için gereken büyük çanak anten boyutu, çanak antenlerin metal bir çerçeve üzerine metal ağdan yapılmasına yol açmıştır. Daha yüksek frekanslarda ise ağ tipi tasarımlar daha nadirdir, ancak bazı tasarımlarda delikli katı çanak anten kullanılmıştır.\n\nYaygın bir yanılgı, çanak antenin önündeki cihaz olan LNBF'nin (düşük gürültülü blok/besleme boynuzu) sinyali doğrudan atmosferden aldığıdır. Örneğin, bir BBC Haber bağlantısı, \"kırmızı sinyalin\" çanak antene ışınlanmak yerine doğrudan LNBF tarafından alındığını göstermektedir; oysa parabolik şekli nedeniyle çanak anten sinyali daha küçük bir alanda toplar ve LNBF'ye iletir. [ 13 ]\n\nEv televizyonu kullanımı için tasarlanmış modern çanak antenler genellikle 43 cm (18 inç) ila 80 cm (31 inç) çapındadır ve tek bir yörünge konumundan Ku-bandı alımı için tek bir pozisyona sabitlenmiştir. Doğrudan yayın yapan uydu hizmetlerinin varlığından önce, ev kullanıcıları genellikle farklı uydulardan kanalları almak için 3 metreye kadar çapta motorlu bir C-bandı çanak anten kullanırlardı. Ancak, çok küçük çanak antenler yine de yağmur nedeniyle sinyal zayıflaması ve bitişik uydulardan kaynaklanan parazit gibi sorunlara neden olabilir.\n\nAvrupa\nAvrupa'da , DBS hizmetleri tarafından kullanılan frekanslar , H (Yatay) ve V (Dikey) olmak üzere iki polarizasyonda 10,7–12,75 GHz aralığındadır. Bu aralık, 10,7–11,7 GHz'lik bir \"düşük bant\" ve 11,7–12,75 GHz'lik bir \"yüksek bant\" olarak ikiye ayrılır. Bu, her biri yaklaşık 1 GHz bant genişliğine ve iki olası polarizasyona sahip iki frekans bandı ile sonuçlanır. LNB'de bunlar 950–2150 MHz'e düşürülür; bu, LNBF ile alıcı arasındaki koaksiyel kabloda uydu hizmeti için ayrılan frekans aralığıdır. Daha düşük frekanslar kablolu ve karasal TV , FM radyo vb. için ayrılmıştır. Bu frekans bantlarından yalnızca biri koaksiyel kabloya sığar, bu nedenle bu bantların her biri için LNBF'den bir anahtarlama matrisine ayrı bir kablo gerekir veya alıcının aynı anda 4 olasılıktan birini seçmesi gerekir. [ kaynak gerekli ]\n\nSistem tasarımı\nTek alıcılı konut kurulumunda, binadaki alıcı set üstü kutusundan çanak anten üzerindeki LNB'ye tek bir koaksiyel kablo uzanır. LNB için DC elektrik gücü, alıcıya sinyal taşıyan aynı koaksiyel kablo iletkenleri üzerinden sağlanır. Ek olarak, kontrol sinyalleri de alıcıdan LNB'ye kablo üzerinden iletilir. Alıcı, dikey/yatay anten polarizasyonunu seçmek için farklı güç kaynağı voltajları (13/18 V) ve LNB'ye iki frekans bandından birini seçmesi için talimat vermek üzere bir açma/kapama pilot tonu (22 kHz) kullanır. Daha büyük kurulumlarda, her bant ve polarizasyon için ayrı bir kablo kullanılır, bu nedenle LNB'den bir 'çoklu anahtarlama' anahtarlama matrisine 4 kablo gider; bu da tek alıcılı kurulumdakiyle aynı sinyalizasyon yöntemini kullanarak yıldız topolojisinde birden fazla alıcının çoklu anahtara bağlanmasına olanak tanır. 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The comprehensive set includes a stylized executive meeting table (featuring a dark walnut finish top, central cable management channel, and geometric white hollow legs), 8 minimalist white-frame ergonomic mesh office chairs with rolling casters, and realistic desktop electronics and props (a sleek laptop, a multimedia projector, notebooks, and ceramic mugs).","imageAlt":"Modern Conference Room Table and Chairs 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chair","price":10.28,"description":"Office chair from the 1970s.\u003cbr\u003e\nWell suited to the setting of the 70s and other later times.\u003cbr\u003e\nHas several color options to choose from.\u003cbr\u003e\nGameready, PBR textures.\u003cbr\u003e\n\n**Texture size:** 4096x4096, 2048x2048\u003cbr\u003e\n**Textures 4k:** Color, AO, Height, Normal, Roughness, Metallic\u003cbr\u003e\n**For Unity 2k:** AO, Color, Metallic_Smoothness, Normal\u003cbr\u003e\n**For UE 2k:** Color, AO_Rough_Metallic, Normal\u003cbr\u003e\n**Includes formats:** blend, FBX, OBJ, TGA textures\u003cbr\u003e\n**Polycount:** 6218 triangles\u003cbr\u003e\n\n**License:**\u003cbr\u003e\n\nAllowed for use in personal and commercial projects.\u003cbr\u003e\nFor example, for paid games, films, renders.\u003cbr\u003e\n!Resale of individual models is not possible!\u003cbr\u003e\n\n**If you have any questions or problems, for example,**\u003cbr\u003e\n**bugs were found with the purchased model, write to me.**\u003cbr\u003e","imageAlt":"3D model low-poly PBR Office chair 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old steel factory 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"he Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture\nMain article: Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution\nBritish textile industry\n\nWeaving with handlooms from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness in 1747\nIn 1750, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in Lancashire. The work was done by hand in workers' homes or master weavers' shops. Wages were six times those in India in 1770 when productivity in Britain was three times higher.[35] In 1787, raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded, and spun on machines.[7]: 41–42  The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, and 588 million pounds in 1850.[36]\n\nThe share of value added by the cotton industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22% in 1831. Value added by the woollen industry was 14% in 1801. Cotton factories numbered about 900 in 1797. In 1760, approximately one-third of cotton cloth manufactured was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781, cotton spun amounted to 5 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800, less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788, there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years.[35]\n\nWool\nThe earliest European attempts at mechanised spinning were with wool; however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanise than cotton. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant, but less than cotton.[7][37]\n\nSilk\n\nJohn Lombe's silk mill site today in Derby, rebuilt as Derby Silk Mill\nArguably the first highly mechanised factory was John Lombe's water-powered silk mill at Derby, operational by 1721. Lombe learned silk thread manufacturing by taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy; however, because the Italian silk industry guarded its secrets, the state of the industry at that time is unknown. Although Lombe's factory was technically successful, the supply of raw silk from Italy was cut off to eliminate competition. To promote manufacturing, the Crown paid for models of Lombe's machinery which were exhibited in the Tower of London.[38][39]\n","imageAlt":null,"url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-steel-factory-3d-model","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/7pirl1pqipqnb281j949mrasd2yh/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/7pirl1pqipqnb281j949mrasd2yh/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/7pirl1pqipqnb281j949mrasd2yh/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-steel-factory-3d-model","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7218722/81a79d91ed/old-steel-factory-3d-model-3d-model-81a79d91ed.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7176860","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7176860,"title":"photocopier  3D model","price":32.0,"description":"\nphotocopier, 3D model, school, office, paper duplication, model machine, game, home, workplace, university\nA generic trademark, also known as a genericized trademark or proprietary eponym, is a trademark or brand name that, because of its popularity or significance, has become the generic term for, or synonymous with, a general class of products, services, or actions, usually against the intentions of the trademark's owner.\n\nA trademark is prone to genericization, or \"genericide\",[1][2] when a brand name acquires substantial market dominance or mind share, becoming so widely used for similar products or services that it is no longer associated with the trademark owner, e.g., linoleum, bubble wrap, thermos, and aspirin.[3] A trademark thus popularized is at risk of being challenged or revoked, unless the trademark owner works sufficiently to counter and prevent such broad use.[4][5][6]\n\nTrademark owners can inadvertently contribute to genericization by failing to provide an alternative generic name for their product or service or using the trademark in similar fashion to generic terms.[7] In one example, the Otis Elevator Company's trademark of the word \"escalator\" was cancelled following a petition from Toledo-based Haughton Elevator Company. In rejecting an appeal from Otis, an examiner from the United States Patent and Trademark Office cited the company's own use of the term \"escalator\" alongside the generic term \"elevator\" in multiple advertisements without any trademark significance.[8] Some trademark owners go to extensive lengths to avoid genericization and trademark erosion.\n\nIn subpopulations\nGenericization may be specific to certain professions and other subpopulations. For example, Luer-Lok (Luer lock),[9] Phoroptor (phoropter),[10] and Port-a-Cath (portacath)[11] have genericized mind share among physicians due to a lack of alternative names in common use: as a result, consumers may not realize that the term is a brand name rather than a medical eponym or generic term. Similarly, a doctor may prescribe a specific brand of a now-generic drug, and the pharmacy may replace it with the generic (such as generic risperidone for Risperdal).\n\nIn pharmaceuticals\nAspirin with and without trademark\nFour boxes of medication on a store shelf above price tags. The two on the left are yellow with \"Aspirin\" in bold black type and explanatory text in English on the top box and French on the bottom. The two on the right are slightly smaller and white with the word \"Life\" in the corner inside a red circle. The text, in French on top and English below, describes the medication as \"acetylsalicylic acid tablets\"\nBayer \"Aspirin\" for sale in Canada, next to a generic store equivalent described as \"ASA\" (acetylsalicylic acid) tablets, since the trademark is still recognized there\nFour plastic bottles of medication on another drugstore shelf above their price tags. The two on the left are yellow with the word \"Bayer\" prominent in black type; above small type describes the product as \"genuine aspirin\". On the left are two clear plastic bottles with the Rite Aid drugstore chain logo on their yellow labels, which describe the product as \"pain relief aspirin\".\nAspirin for sale in the U.S., where the store brand can also be sold as \"aspirin\" since the trademark was ruled generic in 1921, and the Bayer-brand label instead emphasizes the word \"Bayer\"\nPharmaceutical trade names are somewhat protected from genericization due to the modern practice of assigning nonproprietary names based on a drug's chemical structure.[12] This circumvents the problem of a trademarked name entering common use by providing a generic name as soon as a novel pharmaceutical enters the market. For example, aripiprazole, the nonproprietary name for Abilify, was well-documented since its invention.[13][14][15] Warfarin, originally introduced as a rat poison, was approved for human use under the brand name Coumadin.[16]\n\nExamples of genericization before the modern system of generic drugs include aspirin, introduced to the market in 1897, and heroin, introduced in 1898. Both were originally trademarks of Bayer AG. However, U.S. court rulings in 1918 and 1921 found the terms to be genericized, stating the company's failure to reinforce the brand's connection with their product as the reason.[17]\n\nA different sense of the word genericized in the pharmaceutical industry refers to products whose patent protection has expired. For example, Lipitor was genericized in the U.S. when the first competing generic version was approved by the FDA in November 2011. In this same context, the term genericization refers to the process of a brand drug losing market exclusivity to generics.","imageAlt":null,"url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/electronics/other/photocopier-3d-model-9bfebc65-e076-4a61-ba3d-529f06a8fae0","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/43gludw5ocyzvl78a88f1b8kb39g/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/43gludw5ocyzvl78a88f1b8kb39g/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/43gludw5ocyzvl78a88f1b8kb39g/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/electronics/other/photocopier-3d-model-9bfebc65-e076-4a61-ba3d-529f06a8fae0","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"electronics","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Electronics","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7176860/f3de82c7e6/photocopier-3d-model-3d-model-f3de82c7e6.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":true,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":"premium"}},{"id":"7222845","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7222845,"title":"old demolished factory 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture","imageAlt":"old demolished factory 3D model 7222845","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-0442b23b-8aa2-494b-bbca-12a219e5b86e","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/rsvwa0li9v18yz47mlr539n5x4sv/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/rsvwa0li9v18yz47mlr539n5x4sv/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/rsvwa0li9v18yz47mlr539n5x4sv/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-0442b23b-8aa2-494b-bbca-12a219e5b86e","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7222845/c24a71623b/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-3d-model-c24a71623b.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7176822","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7176822,"title":" photocopier 3D model","price":38.0,"description":"A generic trademark, also known as a genericized trademark or proprietary eponym, is a trademark or brand name that, because of its popularity or significance, has become the generic term for, or synonymous with, a general class of products, services, or actions, usually against the intentions of the trademark's owner.\n\nA trademark is prone to genericization, or \"genericide\",[1][2] when a brand name acquires substantial market dominance or mind share, becoming so widely used for similar products or services that it is no longer associated with the trademark owner, e.g., linoleum, bubble wrap, thermos, and aspirin.[3] A trademark thus popularized is at risk of being challenged or revoked, unless the trademark owner works sufficiently to counter and prevent such broad use.[4][5][6]\n\nTrademark owners can inadvertently contribute to genericization by failing to provide an alternative generic name for their product or service or using the trademark in similar fashion to generic terms.[7] In one example, the Otis Elevator Company's trademark of the word \"escalator\" was cancelled following a petition from Toledo-based Haughton Elevator Company. In rejecting an appeal from Otis, an examiner from the United States Patent and Trademark Office cited the company's own use of the term \"escalator\" alongside the generic term \"elevator\" in multiple advertisements without any trademark significance.[8] Some trademark owners go to extensive lengths to avoid genericization and trademark erosion.\n\nIn subpopulations\nGenericization may be specific to certain professions and other subpopulations. For example, Luer-Lok (Luer lock),[9] Phoroptor (phoropter),[10] and Port-a-Cath (portacath)[11] have genericized mind share among physicians due to a lack of alternative names in common use: as a result, consumers may not realize that the term is a brand name rather than a medical eponym or generic term. Similarly, a doctor may prescribe a specific brand of a now-generic drug, and the pharmacy may replace it with the generic (such as generic risperidone for Risperdal).\n\nIn pharmaceuticals\nAspirin with and without trademark\nFour boxes of medication on a store shelf above price tags. The two on the left are yellow with \"Aspirin\" in bold black type and explanatory text in English on the top box and French on the bottom. The two on the right are slightly smaller and white with the word \"Life\" in the corner inside a red circle. The text, in French on top and English below, describes the medication as \"acetylsalicylic acid tablets\"\nBayer \"Aspirin\" for sale in Canada, next to a generic store equivalent described as \"ASA\" (acetylsalicylic acid) tablets, since the trademark is still recognized there\nFour plastic bottles of medication on another drugstore shelf above their price tags. The two on the left are yellow with the word \"Bayer\" prominent in black type; above small type describes the product as \"genuine aspirin\". On the left are two clear plastic bottles with the Rite Aid drugstore chain logo on their yellow labels, which describe the product as \"pain relief aspirin\".\nAspirin for sale in the U.S., where the store brand can also be sold as \"aspirin\" since the trademark was ruled generic in 1921, and the Bayer-brand label instead emphasizes the word \"Bayer\"\nPharmaceutical trade names are somewhat protected from genericization due to the modern practice of assigning nonproprietary names based on a drug's chemical structure.[12] This circumvents the problem of a trademarked name entering common use by providing a generic name as soon as a novel pharmaceutical enters the market. For example, aripiprazole, the nonproprietary name for Abilify, was well-documented since its invention.[13][14][15] Warfarin, originally introduced as a rat poison, was approved for human use under the brand name Coumadin.[16]\n\nExamples of genericization before the modern system of generic drugs include aspirin, introduced to the market in 1897, and heroin, introduced in 1898. Both were originally trademarks of Bayer AG. However, U.S. court rulings in 1918 and 1921 found the terms to be genericized, stating the company's failure to reinforce the brand's connection with their product as the reason.[17]\n\nA different sense of the word genericized in the pharmaceutical industry refers to products whose patent protection has expired. For example, Lipitor was genericized in the U.S. when the first competing generic version was approved by the FDA in November 2011. In this same context, the term genericization refers to the process of a brand drug losing market exclusivity to generics.\n\nTrademark erosion\nMain article: List of generic and genericized trademarks\n\nKawasaki Jet Ski\nTrademark erosion, or genericization, is a special case of antonomasia related to trademarks. It happens when a trademark becomes so common that it starts being used as a common name,[18][3][19] most often occurring when the original company has failed to prevent such use.[18][19] Once it has become an appellative, the word cannot be registered anymore; this is why companies try hard not to let their trademark become universally used, a phenomenon that could otherwise be considered a successful move since it would mean that the company had gained exceptional recognition. An example of trademark erosion is the verb \"to hoover\" (used with the meaning of \"vacuum cleaning\"), which originated from the Hoover company brand name.\n\nNintendo is an example of a brand that successfully fought trademark erosion, having managed to replace the common use of its name with the term \"game console\", which at that time was a neologism.[18][20]\n\nLegal concepts\nWhether or not a mark is popularly identified as genericized, the owner of the mark may still be able to enforce the proprietary rights that attach to the use or registration of the mark, as long as the mark continues to exclusively identify the owner as the commercial origin of the applicable products or services. If the mark does not perform this essential function and it is no longer possible to legally enforce rights in relation to the mark, the mark may have become generic. In many legal systems (e.g., in the United States but not in Germany) a generic mark forms part of the public domain and can be commercially exploited by anyone. Nevertheless, there exists the possibility of a trademark becoming a revocable generic term in German (and European) trademark law.\n\nThe process by which trademark rights are diminished or lost as a result of common use in the marketplace is known as genericization. This process typically occurs over a period of time in which a mark is not used as a trademark (i.e., where it is not used to exclusively identify the products or services of a particular business), where a mark falls into disuse entirely, or where the trademark owner does not enforce its rights through actions for passing off or trademark infringement.\n\nIn most countries, genericness is determined on a case-by-case basis with the final adjudicative authority held by the courts. In the United States, this approach was elucidated under Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co. In countries with highly centralized executive power, genericness is determined systematically by a central authority. For example, in China, the Supreme Court rules on trademark review of administrative trademark decisions requires lower courts rule a mark generic if the government administration places those words on a standards list.[21]\n\nOne risk factor that may lead to genericization is the use of a trademark as a verb, plural or possessive, unless the mark itself is possessive or plural (e.g., \"Friendly's\" restaurants).[22]\n\nHowever, in highly inflected languages, a tradename may have to carry case endings in usage. An example is Finnish, where \"Microsoftin\" is the genitive case and \"Facebookista\" is the elative case.[23]\n\nMeasures taken to avoid genericization\nGeneric use of a trademark presents an inherent risk to the effective enforcement of trademark rights and may ultimately lead to genericization.\n\nTrademark owners take various steps to reduce the risk, including educating businesses and consumers on appropriate trademark use, avoiding use of their marks in a generic manner, and systematically and effectively enforcing their trademark rights. If a trademark is associated with a new invention, the trademark owner may also consider developing a generic term for the product to be used in descriptive contexts, to avoid inappropriate use of the \"house\" mark. Such a term is called a generic descriptor and is frequently used immediately after the trademark to provide a description of the product or service. For example, \"Kleenex tissues\" (\"facial tissues\" being the generic descriptor) or \"Velcro-brand fasteners\" for Velcro brand name hook-and-loop fasteners.\n\n\n\n","imageAlt":null,"url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/electronics/other/photocopier-3d-model-b7fcbd9a-e086-4b3e-834f-904f06d9053c","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/p8h7cqmi200bttph5uvi6ds8txrc/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/p8h7cqmi200bttph5uvi6ds8txrc/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/p8h7cqmi200bttph5uvi6ds8txrc/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/electronics/other/photocopier-3d-model-b7fcbd9a-e086-4b3e-834f-904f06d9053c","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"electronics","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Electronics","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7176822/8d945fac8f/photocopier-3d-model-3d-model-8d945fac8f.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":true,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":"premium"}},{"id":"7222882","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7222882,"title":"old demolished factory 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]","imageAlt":null,"url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-a741e3d6-1536-4ebe-a252-7099925773fa","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/6z8yzf0nwquxkr29pwa2y4m00fjz/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/6z8yzf0nwquxkr29pwa2y4m00fjz/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/6z8yzf0nwquxkr29pwa2y4m00fjz/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-a741e3d6-1536-4ebe-a252-7099925773fa","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7222882/0c97764b19/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-3d-model-0c97764b19.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7222958","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7222958,"title":" old demolished factory 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture","imageAlt":null,"url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-118f19d7-f21e-4d47-98c0-ac3a9bed33ab","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/2a4czcpmyh687i8oiw1npclufz85/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/2a4czcpmyh687i8oiw1npclufz85/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/2a4czcpmyh687i8oiw1npclufz85/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-118f19d7-f21e-4d47-98c0-ac3a9bed33ab","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7222958/e16456f0fd/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-3d-model-e16456f0fd.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7558704","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7558704,"title":"Low Poly Office Props Pack - 31 Game Ready Models","price":5.0,"description":"31 flat-shaded low poly office props, game ready, real-world scale, FBX/OBJ/STL/GLB/BLEND. Desks: straight, L-shaped, sit-stand, conference table, reception counter, coffee table. Seating: swivel task chair, visitor chair, sofa. Storage: filing cabinet, bookshelf, lockers, binder row, paper stack. Desk kit: monitor, open laptop, tower, keyboard with mouse, desk lamp, desk phone, printer. Plus water cooler, coffee machine, two potted plants, waste bin, whiteboard on castors, partition, wall clock, ceiling light panel and coat stand.\n\nThe 31 pieces total 9,476 triangles, 96 to 864 each, 5,938 vertices, and share eight solid-colour materials. One is slightly emissive on eight pieces, so screens and panels read as switched on. Metres, origin at each base, front on -Y; desk tops sit at 0.71 m, so the desk kit drops straight onto them.\n\nThe room shell, walls, floor and window in the previews are render-only. No textures, no rig, no animation. 22 previews included.","imageAlt":"Low Poly Office Props Pack - 31 Game Ready Models","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/furniture/furniture-set/low-poly-office-props-pack-31-game-ready-models","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":true,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/vnloce8nzc03k6y09mfv06v2zyao/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/01_cover.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/vnloce8nzc03k6y09mfv06v2zyao/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/01_cover.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/vnloce8nzc03k6y09mfv06v2zyao/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/01_cover.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/furniture/furniture-set/low-poly-office-props-pack-31-game-ready-models","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":21,"name":".blend","is_native":true},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":117,"name":".gltf","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"furniture","subcategorySlug":"furniture-set","categoryTitle":"Furniture","subcategoryTitle":"Furniture Set","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7558704/bf10aca0e7/low-poly-office-props-pack-31-game-ready-models-3d-model-bf10aca0e7.webp","saleOffDiscount":50,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":"essentials"}},{"id":"7223358","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7223358,"title":" crane 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture","imageAlt":"crane 3D model 7223358","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/crane-3d-model-b1ca9b64-c2f8-4e08-bc88-46d21376a293","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/1d8ctru95yoej2mkkvesw9n7wawj/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/1d8ctru95yoej2mkkvesw9n7wawj/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/1d8ctru95yoej2mkkvesw9n7wawj/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/crane-3d-model-b1ca9b64-c2f8-4e08-bc88-46d21376a293","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7223358/54ae7a233f/crane-3d-model-3d-model-54ae7a233f.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7222809","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7222809,"title":"old demolished factory 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture","imageAlt":null,"url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-8398489f-88ad-4e8b-b9c5-557462106ad4","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/uxv6tjfok4tul7r81svll7tzkigo/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/uxv6tjfok4tul7r81svll7tzkigo/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/uxv6tjfok4tul7r81svll7tzkigo/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-8398489f-88ad-4e8b-b9c5-557462106ad4","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7222809/6c7055536c/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-3d-model-6c7055536c.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7223292","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7223292,"title":" Coal mine extraction tower 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. 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Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture\nMain article: Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution\nBritish textile industry\n\nWeaving with handlooms from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness in 1747\nIn 1750, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in Lancashire. The work was done by hand in workers' homes or master weavers' shops. Wages were six times those in India in 1770 when productivity in Britain was three times higher.[35] In 1787, raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded, and spun on machines.[7]: 41–42  The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, and 588 million pounds in 1850.[36]\n\nThe share of value added by the cotton industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22% in 1831. Value added by the woollen industry was 14% in 1801. Cotton factories numbered about 900 in 1797. In 1760, approximately one-third of cotton cloth manufactured was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781, cotton spun amounted to 5 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800, less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788, there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years.[35]\n\nWool","imageAlt":null,"url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-a3366b4b-a92e-4bfe-ae28-103abcf830df","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/z1k34hslwx04zwn45k8z9tvw5rqm/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/z1k34hslwx04zwn45k8z9tvw5rqm/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/z1k34hslwx04zwn45k8z9tvw5rqm/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-a3366b4b-a92e-4bfe-ae28-103abcf830df","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7222736/f1a5dc2d95/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-3d-model-f1a5dc2d95.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"6591056","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":6591056,"title":"3 Office Chairs - Realistic Workplace Seating Furniture","price":49.0,"description":"A collection of **three realistic office chairs** designed for **modern interiors** and **everyday workspaces**. The models follow a **consistent design language and scale**, making them **easy to combine** within a **single scene or use individually**. **Neutral, professional styling** keeps them **versatile** for offices, studios, coworking spaces, and interior visualizations.\n\n**Key Features**\n\n- **3 office chair models** with a shared, **cohesive design**\n- **Variations in color and configuration**: grey, red, and black\n- Versions with **armrests and headrest** included\n- **Fabric upholstery** with **realistic surface detail**\n- **Plastic structural elements** suitable for contemporary office furniture\n- **Production-ready** for professional pipelines\n- **Hand-modeled geometry with clean topology** and optimized mesh \n- High-quality  **4K PBR textures** (Diffuse, Roughness, Normal)\n- **Ready to render** out-of-the-box with included lights and cameras\n- Native Blender setup – **no third-party plug-ins required** \n\n**Technical Details**\n\n- **Original Software:** Blender v3.1\n- **Tested in:** Blender 5.0 (Fully compatible)\n- **Objects Included:** 3\n- **Renderer:** Blender Cycles \n- **Plug-ins:** None required\n\n**Textures \u0026 Materials**\n\n- Standard **PBR workflow**\n- **4K textures** (4096×4096 px): Diffuse, Roughness, Normal\n- All textures created from **original** photographs or drawings\n- **Ready to render** out-of-the-box – lighting and cameras used for previews are included  \n\n**Mesh \u0026 File Structure**\n\n- **Handcrafted mesh** with clean topology   \n- Export formats (non-native) provided as **base mesh (not smoothed)** for flexible subdivision control  \n\n**Additional Notes**\n\n- All preview renders created in **Blender Cycles** without compositing editor","imageAlt":"3D asset 3 Office Chairs - Realistic Workplace Seating","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-model-packs/office-chairs-006b3375-0358-40e2-975f-cf5fd78918fc","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/sw3eqsyfgxtzt4v7rbvt3mlluyma/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/3-office-chairs-realistic-workplace-seating-furniture-3d-model-a9a725e41d.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/sw3eqsyfgxtzt4v7rbvt3mlluyma/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/3-office-chairs-realistic-workplace-seating-furniture-3d-model-a9a725e41d.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/sw3eqsyfgxtzt4v7rbvt3mlluyma/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/3-office-chairs-realistic-workplace-seating-furniture-3d-model-a9a725e41d.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-model-packs/office-chairs-006b3375-0358-40e2-975f-cf5fd78918fc","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[],"categorySlug":"furniture","subcategorySlug":"chair","categoryTitle":"Furniture","subcategoryTitle":"Chair","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/6591056/a9a725e41d/3-office-chairs-realistic-workplace-seating-furniture-3d-model-a9a725e41d.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":true,"subscriptionTierBand":"premium"}},{"id":"6153936","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":6153936,"title":"Modern Office Whiteboard Duo - Customizable Writing Boards","price":29.99,"description":"A high-quality 3D asset featuring rectangular and square whiteboards mounted on a sturdy metal stand, designed for office training, virtual classrooms, architectural visualization, and game environments. The model includes customizable surfaces and optional accessories for realistic scene integration.\n\n**Dimensions:**\n\n- Overall (Rect): 127cm (W) × 185cm (H)\n- Overall (Square): 77cm (W) × 185cm (H)\n\n(Fully scalable while maintaining proportions)\n\n**Key Features:**\n\n- Freestanding Design: Adjustable metal stand for flexible placement in any scene.\n- Customizable Surface: Add text, logos, or drawings via included PBR textures.\n- Premium Textures: 8K/4K/2K resolution (base color, roughness, normal, metallic, AO).\n- Optional Accessories: Pens, erasers, magnets, and sticky notes (label-free textures included).\n- Optimized Geometry: Clean quad-based mesh for smooth rendering and deformation.\n\n**Compatibility:**\n\n- Software: Blender, 3ds Max, Maya, Cinema 4D\n- Engines: Unity, Unreal Engine\n- Formats: FBX, OBJ, GLB\n\n**Ideal For:**\n\n- Office training simulations\n- School or university virtual classrooms\n- Architectural presentations\n- Game environments (offices, schools)\n- Advertising scenes\n\n**License Terms:**\n\n- Customizable for project needs.\n- Non-redistributable (may not be resold).","imageAlt":"3D asset Modern Office Whiteboard Duo - Customizable 1","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-model-packs/modern-office-whiteboard-duo-customizable-writing-boards","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/7qnwgy5dycwepabnymbewjoyv7yn/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/th_1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/7qnwgy5dycwepabnymbewjoyv7yn/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/th_1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/7qnwgy5dycwepabnymbewjoyv7yn/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/th_1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-model-packs/modern-office-whiteboard-duo-customizable-writing-boards","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[],"categorySlug":"interior","subcategorySlug":"office-interior","categoryTitle":"Interior","subcategoryTitle":"Office","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/6153936/d363151d8a/modern-office-whiteboard-duo-customizable-writing-boards-3d-model-d363151d8a.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":true,"subscriptionTierBand":"premium"}},{"id":"7390504","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7390504,"title":"Employers Not Rigged","price":9.0,"description":"Name: Employers\nType: model\nFormat: 3Ds Max 2013\nExport: FBX, OBJ\nRender: VRay (5.x), Corona (6)\nPolys: 253518\nVerts: 278757\nMatclasses: Multimaterial,VRayMtl,CoronaMtl\nUnits: Centimeters\nDimension: 64.46 x 98.88 x 187.4\nDate: 2026.7.26\nA high-quality 3D business character set featuring professionally dressed male and female office employees. The characters were concepted with AI, while the 3D clothing, material creation, texture refinement, and final look development were completed manually. Designed with realistic PBR materials and clean topology, this asset is ideal for architectural visualization, corporate presentations, animation, games, VR/AR, and commercial rendering","imageAlt":"Employers Not Rigged","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/character/clothing/employers-not-rigged","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":true,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/k3e5roywaakn3ag21lvddjoby4x9/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/poster.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/k3e5roywaakn3ag21lvddjoby4x9/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/poster.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/k3e5roywaakn3ag21lvddjoby4x9/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/poster.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/character/clothing/employers-not-rigged","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":17,"name":".max","is_native":true},{"id":21,"name":".blend","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"character","subcategorySlug":"clothing","categoryTitle":"Character","subcategoryTitle":"Clothing","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7390504/5ff0adc636/employers-not-rigged-3d-model-5ff0adc636.webp","saleOffDiscount":30,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":"essentials"}},{"id":"7223331","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7223331,"title":"old demolished factory 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture","imageAlt":null,"url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-a49e8561-8f10-4316-9b76-bfa7ce696e2d","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/azfemfx1gxxdctxl0wtk2egaerxj/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/azfemfx1gxxdctxl0wtk2egaerxj/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/azfemfx1gxxdctxl0wtk2egaerxj/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-a49e8561-8f10-4316-9b76-bfa7ce696e2d","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7223331/9b558c343d/old-demolished-factory-3d-model-3d-model-9b558c343d.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7223243","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7223243,"title":"Coal Loader 3D Model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes, succeeding the Second Agricultural Revolution. Beginning in Great Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution had spread to continental Europe and the United States by about 1840.[1][2] Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history, comparable only to the adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement.[3]\n\nThis transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and rise of the mechanised factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and population growth. Many technological and architectural innovations were British.[4][5] By the mid-18th century, Britain was the leading commercial nation,[6] with GDP per capita considerably over the world average.[2] The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods,[7]: 40  and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.[7]\n\nThe precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[8][9][10] Rapid adoption of mechanized textiles spinning occurred in Britain in the 1780s,[11] and high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurred after 1800. Mechanised textile production spread from Britain to continental Europe and the US in the early 19th century.[7]\n\nA recession occurred from the late 1830s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanised spinning and weaving, slowed as markets matured despite increased adoption of locomotives, steamships, and hot blast iron smelting. New technologies such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s in the UK and US, were not sufficient to drive high rates of growth. Rapid growth reoccurred after 1870, springing from new innovations in the Second Industrial Revolution. These included steel-making processes, mass production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, large-scale manufacture of machine tools, and use of advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[7][12][13][14]\n\nThe Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth, with the standard of living improving for most in the Western world,[15] though others have said it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the 20th century.[16][17][18] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in China and India; after the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing took place in North America and Western Europe.[2]\n\nEtymology\nThe earliest recorded use of \"Industrial Revolution\" was in 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] Raymond Williams states: \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811–18, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change became more common by the 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which...changed the whole of civil society\". His book was not translated into English until the late 19th century, and the expression did not enter everyday language till then. Credit for its popularisation is given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]\n\nEconomic historians such as Mendels, Pomeranz, and Kridte argue proto-industrialisation in parts of Europe, the Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[22][23][24] Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and that revolution is a misnomer.[25]\n\nRequirements\n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n","imageAlt":null,"url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/coal-loader-3d-model","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/qzrznw9kup51y4bqdzv9w6p7580w/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/qzrznw9kup51y4bqdzv9w6p7580w/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/qzrznw9kup51y4bqdzv9w6p7580w/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/industrial/other/coal-loader-3d-model","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"industrial","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Industrial","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7223243/2309d300ab/coal-loader-3d-model-3d-model-2309d300ab.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"2351499","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":2351499,"title":"Box Cutter  PBR","price":5.78,"description":"3D model of Used Box Cutter\nResolution of textures: 4096x4096\n - Originally created with 3ds Max 2017\n - Textured created with Substance Painter\n - Unit system is set to centimetre\n - Model is built to real-world scale\n - Rendered in Marmoset Toolbag, 3ds Max Vray, Maya Vray\n - Texture Set: Diffuse, Base Color, IOR, Gloss, Heigh, IOR, Normal, Reflection, Specular\n\nSpecial notes:\n\n.fbx format is recommended for import in other 3d software. If your software doesn't support .fbx format, please use .3ds format; .obj, format was exported from 3ds Max.","imageAlt":"Box Cutter PBR 3D asset","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/household/household-tools/box-cutter-pbr","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":true,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/qaJy6U7TiokSMRZsQ2j2SFTL/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/Miniature_cg_trader.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/qaJy6U7TiokSMRZsQ2j2SFTL/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/Miniature_cg_trader.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/qaJy6U7TiokSMRZsQ2j2SFTL/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/Miniature_cg_trader.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/household/household-tools/box-cutter-pbr","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":17,"name":".max","is_native":false},{"id":21,"name":".blend","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":11,"name":".ma","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"household","subcategorySlug":"household-tools","categoryTitle":"Household","subcategoryTitle":"Tools","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/2351499/c5d99a11bb/box-cutter-pbr-3d-model-c5d99a11bb.webp","saleOffDiscount":50,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":true,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":"essentials"}},{"id":"7176941","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7176941,"title":"calculator 3d model","price":32.0,"description":"A calculator is typically a portable electronic device used to perform calculations, ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics.\n\nThe first solid-state electronic calculator was created in the early 1960s. Pocket-sized devices became available in the 1970s, especially after the Intel 4004, the first microprocessor, was developed by Intel for the Japanese calculator company Busicom. Modern electronic calculators vary from cheap, give-away, credit-card-sized models to sturdy desktop models with built-in printers. They became popular in the mid-1970s as the incorporation of integrated circuits reduced their size and cost. By the end of that decade, prices had dropped to the point where a basic calculator was affordable to most and they became common in schools.\n\nIn addition to general-purpose calculators, there are those designed for specific markets. For example, there are scientific calculators, which include trigonometric and statistical calculations. Some calculators even have the ability to do computer algebra. Graphing calculators can be used to graph functions defined on the real line, or higher-dimensional Euclidean space. As of 2016, basic calculators cost little, but scientific and graphing models tend to cost more.[1]\n\nComputer operating systems as far back as early Unix have included interactive calculator programs such as dc and hoc, and interactive BASIC could be used to do calculations on most 1970s and 1980s home computers. Calculator functions are included in most smartphones, tablets, and personal digital assistant (PDA) type devices. With the very wide availability of smartphones and the like, dedicated hardware calculators, while still widely used, are less common than they once were. In 1986, calculators still represented an estimated 41% of the world's general-purpose hardware capacity to compute information. By 2007, this had diminished to less than 0.05%.[2]\n\nDesign\n\nScientific calculator displays of fractions and decimal equivalents\nInput\nElectronic calculators contain a keyboard with buttons for digits and arithmetical operations; some even contain \"00\" and \"000\" buttons to make larger or smaller numbers easier to enter.[3] Most basic calculators assign only one digit or operation on each button; however, in more specific calculators, a button can perform multi-function working with key combinations.\n\nDisplay output\nCalculators usually have liquid-crystal displays (LCD) as output in place of historical light-emitting diode (LED) displays and vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD); details are provided in the section Technical improvements.\n\nLarge-sized figures are often used to improve readability; while using decimal separator (usually a point rather than a comma) instead of or in addition to vulgar fractions. Various symbols for function commands may also be shown on the display. Fractions such as 1⁄3 are displayed as decimal approximations, for example rounded to 0.33333333. Also, some fractions (such as 1⁄7, which is 0.14285714285714; to 14 significant figures) can be difficult to recognize in decimal form; as a result, many scientific calculators are able to work in vulgar fractions or mixed numbers.\n\nMemory\nCalculators also have the ability to save numbers into computer memory. Basic calculators usually store only one number at a time; more specific types are able to store many numbers represented in variables. Usually these variables are named ans or ans(0).[4] The variables can also be used for constructing formulas. Some models have the ability to extend memory capacity to store more numbers; the extended memory address is termed an array index.\n\nPower source\nPower sources of calculators are batteries, solar cells or mains electricity (for old models), turning on with a switch or button. Some models even have no turn-off button but they provide some way to put off (for example, leaving no operation for a moment, covering solar cell exposure, or closing their lid). Crank-powered calculators were also common in the early computer era.","imageAlt":null,"url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/electronics/other/calculator-3d-model-1da0dba1-e0a6-4f64-b759-24c271d8a444","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/knr9ji5u8wa6d2wl28w3274sf8io/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/knr9ji5u8wa6d2wl28w3274sf8io/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/knr9ji5u8wa6d2wl28w3274sf8io/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/electronics/other/calculator-3d-model-1da0dba1-e0a6-4f64-b759-24c271d8a444","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"electronics","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Electronics","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7176941/e982d900c4/calculator-3d-model-3d-model-e982d900c4.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":true,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":"premium"}},{"id":"6153975","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":6153975,"title":"Classroom Blackboards Duo - Customizable Writing Boards","price":29.99,"description":"A high-quality 3D asset featuring rectangular and square greenboards mounted on a sturdy metal stand, designed for office training, virtual classrooms, architectural visualization, and game environments. The model includes customizable surfaces and optional accessories for realistic scene integration.\n\n**Dimensions:**\n\n- Overall (Rect): 127cm (W) × 185cm (H)\n- Overall (Square): 77cm (W) × 185cm (H)\n\n(Fully scalable while maintaining proportions)\n\n**Key Features:**\n\n- Freestanding Design: Adjustable metal stand for flexible placement in any scene.\n- Customizable Surface: Add text, logos, or drawings via included PBR textures.\n- Premium Textures: 8K/4K/2K resolution (base color, roughness, normal, metallic, AO).\n- Optional Accessories: Chalks, eraser, magnets, and sticky notes (label-free textures included).\n- Optimized Geometry: Clean quad-based mesh for smooth rendering and deformation.\n\n**Compatibility:**\n\n- Software: Blender, 3ds Max, Maya, Cinema 4D\n- Engines: Unity, Unreal Engine\n- Formats: FBX, OBJ, GLB\n\n**Ideal For:**\n\n- Office training simulations\n- School or university virtual classrooms\n- Architectural presentations\n- Game environments (offices, schools)\n- Advertising scenes\n\n**License Terms:**\n\n- Customizable for project needs.\n- Non-redistributable (may not be resold).","imageAlt":"3D model Classroom Blackboards Duo - Customizable Writing","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-model-packs/classroom-blackboards-duo-customizable-writing-boards","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/zs76d7ei1izqviwqgi1mylepkmmd/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/th_1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/zs76d7ei1izqviwqgi1mylepkmmd/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/th_1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/zs76d7ei1izqviwqgi1mylepkmmd/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/th_1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-model-packs/classroom-blackboards-duo-customizable-writing-boards","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[],"categorySlug":"interior","subcategorySlug":"office-interior","categoryTitle":"Interior","subcategoryTitle":"Office","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/6153975/8f7c08d346/classroom-blackboards-duo-customizable-writing-boards-3d-model-8f7c08d346.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":true,"subscriptionTierBand":"premium"}},{"id":"6582056","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":6582056,"title":"Simple Office Chair Pack","price":10.0,"description":"Simple Office Chair Pack ( Collection ) – Low Poly, Game Ready Asset.\n\nBring life to your scenes with this stylized yet realistic model, optimized for games, VR/AR experiences, and architectural visualization.\n\nModel Specifications:\n\nPolygon Count: 2,356 Faces / 2,367 Vertices (no subdivision).\n\nObjects in Scene: 4\n\nUVs: Clean, non-overlapping.\n\nTextures: 4K (4096x4096), including:\n\nBase Color (Albedo). / Metallic. / Roughness. / Normal. / Height.\n\nSoftware Used:\n\nModeled in Blender ( version 3.3.20 ).\n\nTextured in Substance Painter.\n\nRendered with Cycles.\n\nIncluded File Formats: .blend (native) / .fbx / .obj / .stl / .glb / .dae /\n\nAll textures neatly organized in a TEXTURES folder for easy access.\n\nKey Features:\n\nGame-ready, low poly model – optimized for real-time rendering.\n\nHigh-quality PBR textures with realistic details.\n\nPerfect topology for both close-up renders and efficient scene performance.\n\nEasy to customize colors and materials.\n\nWell-named objects and materials for quick scene setup.\n\nUsage Recommendations: Ideal for:\n\nGame environments. / Animation scenes. / VR/AR apps.\n\nStylized or realistic architectural projects.\n\nNote: This model is not pre-optimized for 3D printing, but can be adjusted if needed.\n\nDon’t forget to check out my profile for more game-ready assets. Your support helps me create more high-quality models — thank you!","imageAlt":"3D model Simple Office Chair Pack","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-model-packs/simple-office-chair-pack","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/cr7osk8vechu7enqdkr1p4nddptj/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/1_untitled_01.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/cr7osk8vechu7enqdkr1p4nddptj/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1_untitled_01.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/cr7osk8vechu7enqdkr1p4nddptj/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/1_untitled_01.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-model-packs/simple-office-chair-pack","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[],"categorySlug":"furniture","subcategorySlug":"chair","categoryTitle":"Furniture","subcategoryTitle":"Chair","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/6582056/6d18994ca4/simple-office-chair-pack-3d-model-6d18994ca4.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":true,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":"premium"}},{"id":"6153951","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":6153951,"title":"Classroom Greenboards Duo - Customizable Writing Boards","price":29.99,"description":"A high-quality 3D asset featuring rectangular and square blackboards mounted on a sturdy metal stand, designed for office training, virtual classrooms, architectural visualization, and game environments. The model includes customizable surfaces and optional accessories for realistic scene integration.\n\n**Dimensions:**\n\n- Overall (Rect): 127cm (W) × 185cm (H)\n- Overall (Square): 77cm (W) × 185cm (H)\n\n(Fully scalable while maintaining proportions)\n\n**Key Features:**\n\n- Freestanding Design: Adjustable metal stand for flexible placement in any scene.\n- Customizable Surface: Add text, logos, or drawings via included PBR textures.\n- Premium Textures: 8K/4K/2K resolution (base color, roughness, normal, metallic, AO).\n- Optional Accessories: Chalks, eraser, magnets, and sticky notes (label-free textures included).\n- Optimized Geometry: Clean quad-based mesh for smooth rendering and deformation.\n\n**Compatibility:**\n\n- Software: Blender, 3ds Max, Maya, Cinema 4D\n- Engines: Unity, Unreal Engine\n- Formats: FBX, OBJ, GLB\n\n**Ideal For:**\n\n- Office training simulations\n- School or university virtual classrooms\n- Architectural presentations\n- Game environments (offices, schools)\n- Advertising scenes\n\n**License Terms:**\n\n- Customizable for project needs.\n- Non-redistributable (may not be resold).","imageAlt":"Classroom Greenboards Duo - Customizable Writing 3D asset","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-model-packs/classroom-greenboards-duo-customizable-writing-boards","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/z19bsroqp0mx4m6tmt6u7ibzjroq/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/th_1.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/z19bsroqp0mx4m6tmt6u7ibzjroq/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/th_1.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/z19bsroqp0mx4m6tmt6u7ibzjroq/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/th_1.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-model-packs/classroom-greenboards-duo-customizable-writing-boards","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[],"categorySlug":"interior","subcategorySlug":"office-interior","categoryTitle":"Interior","subcategoryTitle":"Office","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/6153951/81ebd549a3/classroom-greenboards-duo-customizable-writing-boards-3d-model-81ebd549a3.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":true,"subscriptionTierBand":"premium"}},{"id":"7559136","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7559136,"title":"Low Poly Office Interior Scene - Complete Blender Environment","price":5.0,"description":"A complete low poly open-plan office floor, game ready, real-world scale, FBX/OBJ/STL/GLB/BLEND. 24 x 16 m of carpet, 2.90 m to the suspended ceiling, behind a 24 m glazed wall: a reception with sofa and rug, twelve desks in six back-to-back pods with monitors, keyboards, laptops, lamps and eight partition screens, two standing desks, a glass-walled 8.7 x 5.5 m meeting room with a 2.8 m table, a whiteboard and a wall display, a manager's corner office, a kitchenette with a 2.4 m counter, a printer corner, three locker banks and twelve plants under 32 recessed ceiling panels.\n\n230 named objects in seven collections, 64,576 triangles, 15 flat materials. The .blend holds 26 lights and camera_main; GLB keeps 3 (glTF has no area light). No people, no textures, no rig. The city outside is a flat backdrop.\n\nFor indie games, interior levels and renders. 22 images and a 360 turntable.","imageAlt":"Low Poly Office Interior Scene - Complete Blen...","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/interior/office-interior/low-poly-office-interior-scene-complete-blender-environment","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":true,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/qgf43nu028sflzz9mmpst5lp1rvn/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/01_open_plan_office_floor.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/qgf43nu028sflzz9mmpst5lp1rvn/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/01_open_plan_office_floor.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/qgf43nu028sflzz9mmpst5lp1rvn/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/01_open_plan_office_floor.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/interior/office-interior/low-poly-office-interior-scene-complete-blender-environment","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":21,"name":".blend","is_native":true},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":117,"name":".gltf","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"interior","subcategorySlug":"office-interior","categoryTitle":"Interior","subcategoryTitle":"Office","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7559136/bc8b73e702/low-poly-office-interior-scene-complete-blender-environment-3d-model-bc8b73e702.webp","saleOffDiscount":50,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":"essentials"}},{"id":"7210685","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7210685,"title":" demolished factory 3D model","price":68.0,"description":"The Industrial Revolution, sometimes called the First Industrial Revolution in contrast to the subsequent Second Industrial Revolution, was a transitional period of the global economy toward more widespread, efficient and stable \n\nIt has been suggested that this article be split out into a new article titled Technologies of the Industrial Revolution. (Discuss) (February 2026)\nSeveral key factors enabled industrialisation. High agricultural productivity—exemplified by the British Agricultural Revolution—freed up labor and ensured food surpluses. The presence of skilled managers and entrepreneurs, an extensive network of ports, rivers, canals, and roads for efficient transport, and abundant natural resources such as coal, iron, and water power further supported industrial growth. Political stability, a legal system favorable to business, and access to financial capital also played crucial roles. Once industrialisation began in Britain in the 18th century, its spread was facilitated by the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial methods and the willingness of other nations to adopt them. By the early 19th century, industrialisation had reached Western Europe and the United States, and by the late 19th century, Japan.[26][27]\n\nImportant technological developments\nThe commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[28] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies:\n\nTextiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by water, and later steam, increased output per worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased output by a factor of 40.[29] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[13] Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but were not as great as in cotton.[7]\nSteam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[7]: 82  The high-pressure engine had a high power-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[14] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.\nIron-making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[7]: 89–93  Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[30][31] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[32] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced structural grade iron at lower cost than the finery forge.[33] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Developed in 1828, hot blast greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production.\nInvention of machine tools – the first machine tools were the screw-cutting lathe, the cylinder boring machine, and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took decades to develop effective techniques for making interchangeable parts.[34]\nTextile manufacture\nMain article: Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution\nBritish textile industry\n\nWeaving with handlooms from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness in 1747\nIn 1750, Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in Lancashire. The work was done by hand in workers' homes or master weavers' shops. Wages were six times those in India in 1770 when productivity in Britain was three times higher.[35] In 1787, raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded, and spun on machines.[7]: 41–42  The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, and 588 million pounds in 1850.[36]\n\nThe share of value added by the cotton industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22% in 1831. Value added by the woollen industry was 14% in 1801. Cotton factories numbered about 900 in 1797. In 1760, approximately one-third of cotton cloth manufactured was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781, cotton spun amounted to 5 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800, less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788, there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years.[35]\n\nWool\nThe earliest European attempts at mechanised spinning were with wool; however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanise than cotton. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant, but less than cotton.[7][37]\n\nSilk\n\nJohn Lombe's silk mill site today in Derby, rebuilt as Derby Silk Mill\nArguably the first highly mechanised factory was John Lombe's water-powered silk mill at Derby, operational by 1721. Lombe learned silk thread manufacturing by taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy; however, because the Italian silk industry guarded its secrets, the state of the industry at that time is unknown. Although Lombe's factory was technically successful, the supply of raw silk from Italy was cut off to eliminate competition. To promote manufacturing, the Crown paid for models of Lombe's machinery which were exhibited in the Tower of London.[38][39]\n\nCotton\nParts of India, China, Central America, South America, and the Middle East have a history of hand-manufacturing cotton textiles, which became a major industry after 1000 AD. Most cotton was grown by small farmers alongside food and spun in households for domestic consumption. In the 1400s, China began to require households to pay part of their taxes in cotton cloth. By the 17th century, almost all Chinese wore cotton clothing, and it could be used as a medium of exchange. In India, cotton textiles were manufactured for distant markets, often produced by professional weavers.[35]\n\nCotton was a difficult raw material for Europe to obtain before it was grown on colonial plantations.[35] Spanish explorers found Native Americans growing sea island (Gossypium barbadense) and upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Sea island cotton was exported from Barbados from the 1650s. Upland cotton was uneconomical because of the difficulty of removing seed, a problem solved by the cotton gin.[13]: 157  A strain of cotton seed brought from Mexico to Natchez, Mississippi, in 1806 became the parent genetic material for 90% of world production today; it produced bolls three to four times faster to pick","imageAlt":"demolished factory 3D model","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/architectural/other/demolished-factory-3d-model","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":false,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/vhc53c7mcu3keoidb7s23i588o1a/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/5.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/vhc53c7mcu3keoidb7s23i588o1a/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/5.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/vhc53c7mcu3keoidb7s23i588o1a/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/5.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/architectural/other/demolished-factory-3d-model","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":216,"name":".jpg","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"architectural","subcategorySlug":"other","categoryTitle":"Architectural","subcategoryTitle":"Other","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7210685/7785d3ecc6/demolished-factory-3d-model-3d-model-7785d3ecc6.webp","saleOffDiscount":0,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":null}},{"id":"7466858","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7466858,"title":"Office Task Chair with Mesh Back - Swivel Desk Chair","price":4.0,"description":"Office task chair with a mesh backrest, fixed armrests and a five-star caster base. Built to real-world dimensions and modelled with clean, all-quad topology, so it drops straight into office, reception, clinic and workspace scenes.\n\nGEOMETRY\n- 17 separate mesh objects, named and parented into a logical hierarchy (base / gas lift / seat / backrest / armrests), so the moving parts can still be posed\n- 41,376 faces and 41,462 vertices at the shipped subdivision level (82,720 triangles)\n- 41,344 quads, 32 triangles, no n-gons\n- Subdivision surface ready: the base cage is 6,224 faces / 6,255 vertices, so you can drop the subdivision level for real-time use or raise it for close-up renders\n- No stray geometry, no isolated vertices, no zero-area faces\n\nUV AND TEXTURES\n- A single, non-overlapping UV map shared by every part, one UV channel only\n- One material for the whole chair\n- 5 PBR maps at 2048 x 2048 px, PNG: BaseColor / Roughness / Metalness / Normal (tangent space) / Ambient Occlusion\n- Roughness and Metalness are saved as 8-bit greyscale, Normal and BaseColor as RGB\n- Textures are supplied as external files in a Textures folder, referenced with relative paths\n\nSCALE AND UNITS\n- Real-world scale in metric units: 655 x 771 x 962 mm (W x D x H)\n- Modelled at the origin, transforms applied, Z-up\n\nFILES\n- Native .blend (Blender 4.5, Cycles)\n- FBX\n- OBJ + MTL\n\nNOTES\n- Nothing is rigged or animated; the parts are simply kept separate so they can be rotated or raised by hand\n- No lights, cameras or background are included in the product file\n- The ambient occlusion map is supplied as a separate file. FBX and OBJ have no PBR occlusion slot, so please wire it in your own renderer if you need it\n- Free updates are included. If anything does not work in your software, please get in touch and I will fix it.","imageAlt":"Office Task Chair with Mesh Back - Swivel Desk...","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/furniture/chair/office-task-chair-with-mesh-back-swivel-desk-chair","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":true,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/120as1fpe80bpanxeat4d57kjbpb/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/Preview001.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/120as1fpe80bpanxeat4d57kjbpb/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/Preview001.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/120as1fpe80bpanxeat4d57kjbpb/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/Preview001.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/furniture/chair/office-task-chair-with-mesh-back-swivel-desk-chair","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":true,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":21,"name":".blend","is_native":true},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"furniture","subcategorySlug":"chair","categoryTitle":"Furniture","subcategoryTitle":"Chair","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/7466858/a18a66df9a/office-task-chair-with-mesh-back-swivel-desk-chair-3d-model-a18a66df9a.webp","saleOffDiscount":30,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false,"subscriptionTierBand":"essentials"}},{"id":"6536512","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":6536512,"title":"Stylized Office Workstation Pack","price":29.0,"description":"A stylized hand-painted office workstation set — 28 separate objects and two desk variants, ready to drop into a scene.\n\nINCLUDES 28 OBJECTS:\n\nFURNITURE — Double desk (two-person) · Single desk · Office swivel chair · Privacy partition\nELECTRONICS — Monitor · Laptop · Keyboard · Mouse · Mouse pad · PC tower · Printer · Headphones · Desk lamp\nDESK PROPS — Hardcover book · Notebook · Pen holder A · Pen holder B · Pen · Pencil · Paper sheet x3 · Sticky note x4 · Coffee mug · Paper cup\n\nTwo desk variants let you build both single workstations and shared two-person layouts from the same pack.\n\nTECHNICAL DETAILS:\n- Total polycount: 6080 tris / 3230 verts\n- Every object is a separate FBX with a clean pivot\n- Real-world scale, objects centered and named\n- Non-overlapping UVs, no stretching\n- Hand-painted textures, [2048x2048] PNG\n- [Number] texture set(s) shared across the pack\n- Quads and tris only, no n-gons\n- No plugins or third-party tools required\n\nFORMATS:\nFBX · OBJ  · Textures included\n\nAll previews rendered in Marmoset  with no post-processing.","imageAlt":"Stylized Office Workstation Pack","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/interior/office-interior/stylized-office-workstation-pack","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":true,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/1fry1j75zk43pxivkql90uvrsl70/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/2.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/1fry1j75zk43pxivkql90uvrsl70/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/2.webp","gridCandidates":[{"url":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/1fry1j75zk43pxivkql90uvrsl70/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/2.webp","width":612}],"isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/interior/office-interior/stylized-office-workstation-pack","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":true}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":215,"name":".png","is_native":false},{"id":12,"name":".obj","is_native":false},{"id":5,"name":".fbx","is_native":false},{"id":null,"name":null,"is_native":false},{"id":51,"name":".stl","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"interior","subcategorySlug":"office-interior","categoryTitle":"Interior","subcategoryTitle":"Office","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/6536512/e922438c64/stylized-office-workstation-pack-3d-model-e922438c64.webp","saleOffDiscount":70,"eligibleForSubscription":true,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":true,"subscriptionTierBand":"premium"}},{"id":"7190646","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":7190646,"title":"Wall Calendars Game Ready Prop","price":9.0,"description":"**This Calendar Props** set was created as a game-ready asset designed for real-time applications such as games, cinematics, and interactive environments. The asset features a detailed wall calendar with realistic markings and layout, making it ideal for storytelling and environment dressing in offices, police stations, or detective-themed scenes.\n\nThe model is built with clean topology and optimized geometry to ensure smooth performance while maintaining visual quality. A single 4K material setup is used for efficiency and easy integration into any game engine.\n\n** Features**\n\nGame-ready \u0026 optimized\nHigh-quality 4K textures\nSingle material for better performance\nClean topology and efficient UV layout\nLightweight and easy to use\nPerfect for office, detective, and storytelling environments\n\n**Technical Details**\n\nVertices: 4,000\nFaces: 3,850\nTriangles: 7,770\nMaterials: 1 (optimized)\nTextures: 4K resolution\n\n**Software Used**\n\nBlender – Modeling\nSubstance 3D Painter – Texturing\nMarmoset Toolbag – Rendering\n\n**Engine Compatibility\n**\nUnreal Engine\nUnity\nGodot\nAny engine supporting FBX / 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Teacher Doctor 3D Model Rigged","price":49.0,"description":"rigged and skind for real time purpose \n\ninclude facial rig with controller\n\nRealistic skin, PBR, SSS.\n\nyou can delete cloth or set invisible material on them to hide\n\nthe model have more than 6 material, eyes nail arm body ..\n\n-advance skeleton rig. good for animator to practice .\n\n-the model work with live link\n\n-all material used on characters are modular you can change color of eye ,skin ...\n\nFeatures:\n\n-material :\n\nyou can change setting like Base Color, Ao, Blend, Diplacement, Glow, metalic, UV, Normal, opacity ,ORM , Roughness , Specular\n\nHigh quality model, correctly scaled for an accurate representation of the original object.\n\nModels resolutions are optimized for polygon efficiency.\n\nModel is fully textured with all materials applied\n\n-all\n\nimage with white BG are rendered with unreal engine No special plugin needed to open scene\n \n-clean skin ,uv, and ready to anim\n\nUnits: cm\n\n-unreal section\n\n*adapted\n\nto unreal engine skeleton ready to use ,this package include unreal\n\nfile contained this models and work perfectly with third person template\n\nwith standard unreal animation bp and skeleton.\n\n*facial blend\n\nshape work perfect in unreal engine (Tongue ,lips ,brow ,blink , nose\n\nFlank,cheek , mouth ...) more than 125 morph controller\n\n*you can control every think with material (multi material setting)\n\n-maya 2022+ section\n\n*rigged with body and face controller ready to manually animate\n\n*blend shape work perfectly\n\n*Hight quality standard material for rendering (you cans use any render engine )\n\n-Blender:\n\nfull rigged with facial and ready to render\n\nyou can find all texture to use them for other software Hope you like it!\n\nTo look at all my collection, just click on my user name to see complete gallery.","imageAlt":"Female Teacher Doctor 3D Model 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