{"listingPage":true,"listingPagePreloaded":true,"params":{"collection_slug":"defence","locale":"en","controller":"listing_page","action":"index","file_types":null},"browser_attributes":{"title":"3D Models","description":"This view-all page contains 3D models from every category on CGTrader. You can refine the product selection to show Animated, Rigged, PBR or Low Poly models in the most popular file formats using available filters. Sort 3d assets by price, popularity or newness to find exactly what you are looking for.","free_to_premium":{"prefix":"Do you need something special? You can find better quality","main":" 3D models","postfix":"in the premium listing."},"thumbnails":null,"bottomDescription":false,"pathName":"/3d-models","breadcrumbs":"\u003cdiv class=\"container\"\u003e\u003cul class=\"breadcrumb\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList\" itemscope=\"itemscope\"\u003e\u003cli itemprop=\"itemListElement\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"http://schema.org/ListItem\" class=\"breadcrumb__item\"\u003e\u003ca itemtype=\"http://schema.org/Thing\" itemprop=\"item\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" title=\"3D Models\" id=\"3858e7f292e7f8ee605c5fad094ed100\" href=\"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models\"\u003e\u003cspan itemprop=\"name\"\u003e3D Models\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cmeta itemprop=\"position\" content=\"1\" /\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","breadcrumbsType":"Browse by 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Castle","price":169.0,"description":"With your purchase you receive the 3D building model of the Dublin Castle as DAE, 3DS, C4D and SKP for immediate download. (see details)\n\nDublin Castle is a castle in Dublin, Ireland. The caste is situated on Dame Street in the Old Town. A fortress has existed on this spot since the 10th century, the tower of which still exists today. The present castle building, however, dates from the 18th and 19th centuries.\n \nFor the pub and music venue in Camden Town, London, see Dublin Castle, Camden.\nThe Dubhlinn Gardens, which were completed in 1680, are located adjacent to Dublin Castle\nDublin Castle is located in Central Dublin\nDublin Castle\nLocation within Central Dublin\nGeneral information\nAddress\tDame Street\nTown or city\tDublin\nCountry\tIreland\nCoordinates\t53°20′34.39″N 6°16′2.742″WCoordinates: 53°20′34.39″N 6°16′2.742″W\nElevation\t9 metres (30 ft)\nOpened\t1204; 814 years ago (1204)\nOwner\tGovernment of Ireland\nGrounds\t44,000 square metres (11 acres)\n\nDublin Castle, seen from the park to the south, outside the walls\nDublin Castle (Irish: Caisleán Bhaile Átha Cliath) is a major Irish government complex, conference centre, and tourist attraction. It is located off Dame Street in Dublin, Ireland.\n\nUntil 1922 it was the seat of the British government's administration in Ireland. Most of the current construction dates from the 18th century, though a castle has stood on the site since the days of King John, the first Lord of Ireland. The Castle served as the seat of English, then later British government of Ireland under the Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541), the Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800), and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1800–1922).\n\nAfter the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in December 1921, the complex was ceremonially handed over to the newly formed Provisional Government led by Michael Collins.[1] It now hosts the inauguration of each President of Ireland, and various State receptions.\n\nThe Castle was built by the dark pool (\"Dubh Linn\") which gave Dublin its name. This pool lies on the lower course of the River Poddle before its confluence with the River Liffey; when the castle was built, the Liffey was much wider, and the castle was effectively defended by both rivers. The Poddle today runs under the complex.","imageAlt":"Dublin Castle 3D","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/exterior/historic-exterior/dublin-castle","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":true,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/zrG7H9qP7PKYNjwBEvQJbDRM/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/dublin-castle-3d-model-max-3ds-c4d-dae-skp-tga.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/zrG7H9qP7PKYNjwBEvQJbDRM/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/dublin-castle-3d-model-max-3ds-c4d-dae-skp-tga.webp","isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/exterior/historic-exterior/dublin-castle","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":false}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":17,"name":".max","is_native":false},{"id":null,"name":null,"is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":14,"name":".skp","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"exterior","subcategorySlug":"historic-exterior","categoryTitle":"Exterior","subcategoryTitle":"Historic","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/42220/6d3c4bf227/dublin-castle-3d-model-6d3c4bf227.webp","saleOffDiscount":50,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false}},{"id":"45636","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":45636,"title":"Castel del Monte Apulia","price":79.0,"description":"\u003cp\u003eCastel del Monte (Italian: Castle of the Mount) is a 13th-century castle situated in Andria in the Apulia region of southeast Italy. It was built by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II some time between 1240 and 1250; it has been despoiled of its interior marbles and furnishings in subsequent centuries. It has neither a moat nor a drawbridge and might in fact never have been intended as a defensive fortress. Today, the site is protected as a World Heritage Site.\u003c/p\u003e","imageAlt":"3D Castel del Monte Apulia","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/exterior/historic-exterior/castel-del-monte-apulia","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":true,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/dBNgDGBfhNcbiWG1wgCkAkVU/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/castel-del-monte-apulia-3d-model-3ds-c4d-dae-skp.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/dBNgDGBfhNcbiWG1wgCkAkVU/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/castel-del-monte-apulia-3d-model-3ds-c4d-dae-skp.webp","isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/exterior/historic-exterior/castel-del-monte-apulia","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":false}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":14,"name":".skp","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"exterior","subcategorySlug":"historic-exterior","categoryTitle":"Exterior","subcategoryTitle":"Historic","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/45636/4e8a6c8ab6/castel-del-monte-apulia-3d-model-4e8a6c8ab6.webp","saleOffDiscount":50,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false}},{"id":"42190","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":42190,"title":"Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes","price":149.0,"description":"With your purchase you receive the 3D building model as DAE, 3DS, C4D and SKP for immediate download. (see details)\n\nThe Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes is a palace in the town of Rhodes, on the island of Rhodes in Greece. The palace was built in the 14th century by the Knights of Rhodes, who occupied Rhodes from 1309 to 1522. After the island was captured by the Ottoman Empire, the palace was used as a fortress.\n\nRegion\tEurope and North America\nThe Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, also known as the Kastello (Greek: Καστέλο, from Italian: Castello, \"castle\"), is a medieval castle in the city of Rhodes, on the island of Rhodes in Greece. It is one of the few examples of Gothic architecture in Greece. The site was previously a citadel of the Knights Hospitaller that functioned as a palace, headquarters, and fortress.\n\nHistory\nAccording to recent study, in the exact spot in which the palace exists today, there was the foundations of the ancient temple of the Sun-god 'Helios' and probably that was the spot where Colossus of Rhodes stood in the Antiquity. The palace was originally built in the late 7th century as a Byzantine citadel. After the Knights Hospitaller occupied Rhodes and some other Greek islands (such as Kalymnos and Kastellorizo) in 1309, they converted the fortress into their administrative centre and the palace of their Grand Master. In the first quarter of the 14th century, they repaired the palace and made a number of major modifications.[2] The palace was damaged in the earthquake of 1481, and it was repaired soon afterwards.\n\nAfter the 1522 capture of the island by the Ottoman Empire, the palace was used as a command centre and fortress. The lower part of the palace was severely damaged by an ammunition explosion in 1856.[3] As a result, many rooms in the first floor were destroyed.\n\nDuring the Italian rule of Rhodes, the Italian architect Vittorio Mesturino restored the damaged parts of the palace between 1937 and 1940. It became a holiday residence for the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, and later for Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, whose name can still be seen on a large plaque near the entrance.\n\nOn 10 February 1947, the Treaty of Peace with Italy, one of the Paris Peace Treaties, determined that the recently established Italian Republic would transfer the Dodecanese Islands to Greece. In 1948, Rhodes and the rest of the Dodecanese were transferred as previously agreed. The palace was then converted to a museum, and is today visited by the millions of tourists that visit Rhodes.\n\nIn 1988, when Greece held the rotating presidency of the European Economic Community (as the European Union was then known), Greek Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou and the other leaders of the EEC held a meeting in the Palace.","imageAlt":"3D model Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/exterior/landmark/rhodes-medieval-knights-castle-palace","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":true,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/QANciSZQ8s5qnPfYpJgmUCQh/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/palace-of-the-grand-master-of-the-knights-of-rhodes-3d-model-3ds-c4d-dae-skp.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/QANciSZQ8s5qnPfYpJgmUCQh/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/palace-of-the-grand-master-of-the-knights-of-rhodes-3d-model-3ds-c4d-dae-skp.webp","isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/exterior/landmark/rhodes-medieval-knights-castle-palace","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":false}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":14,"name":".skp","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"exterior","subcategorySlug":"landmark","categoryTitle":"Exterior","subcategoryTitle":"Landmark","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/42190/5c36b1477d/palace-of-the-grand-master-of-the-knights-of-rhodes-3d-model-5c36b1477d.webp","saleOffDiscount":50,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false}},{"id":"45622","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":45622,"title":"Akershus Fortress Oslo","price":99.0,"description":"With your purchase you receive the 3D building model of the Akershus Fortress as DAE, 3DS, C4D and SKP for immediate download. (see details)\n\nAkershus Fortress is situated in Oslo, on the eastern side of the Oslo Fjord on the Akersnes peninsular. The castle was constructed in the 13th century as a medieval stronghold by King Håkon V. Later the castle was converted into a renaissance castle and the fortifications were extended. Today the rooms are used by the Norwegian Government for receptions and other official functions. The castle complex is also home to the Norwegian Resistance Museum.\n\nAkershus\nslott og festning\nCastle and Fortress\nAkershus Castle and Fortress\nControlled by\tGovernment of Norway\nNorwegian army\nNorwegian royal family\nSite history\nBuilt\t1290s\nIn use\t1290s–present\nMaterials\tStone\ncommanders\tHaakon IV\nHåkon V Magnusson\nKnut Alvsson\nOve Gjedde\nKnut Alvsson\nFrederik Gottschalk von Haxthausen\nChristian Roy Kaldager\n\nAkershus Castle and Fortress seen from Oslofjord\nAkershus Fortress (Norwegian: Akershus Festning) or Akershus Castle (Norwegian: Akershus slott) is a medieval castle that was built to protect and provide a royal residence for Oslo, the capital of Norway. The castle has also been used as a military base, a prison and government offices.\n\nConstruction\nIt is not known exactly when the construction of the castle started but it is believed that it took place around the late 1290s, by King Haakon V, replacing Tønsberg as one of the two most important Norwegian castles of the period (the other being Båhus). It was constructed in response to the Norwegian nobleman, Earl Alv Erlingsson of Sarpsborg’s earlier attack on Oslo that occurred in 1287. In the aftermath of the attack, it became clear that the city’s existing defences weren’t effective and therefore, a stronger defensive centre was needed.\n\nThe castle is mentioned in written sources for the first time in 1300 in a letter from King Haakon to a church in Oslo. However, the letter does not mention how far the construction of the castle had progressed by then.\n\nThe fortress has successfully survived all sieges, primarily by Swedish forces, including those by forces led by Charles XII in 1716.","imageAlt":"3D Akershus Fortress Oslo","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/exterior/historic-exterior/akershus-fortress-oslo","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":true,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/YtHW1ZVGdFnipemLMCyiMdsh/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/akershus-fortress-oslo-3d-model-max-3ds-c4d-dae-skp.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/YtHW1ZVGdFnipemLMCyiMdsh/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/akershus-fortress-oslo-3d-model-max-3ds-c4d-dae-skp.webp","isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/exterior/historic-exterior/akershus-fortress-oslo","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":false}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":17,"name":".max","is_native":false},{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":14,"name":".skp","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"exterior","subcategorySlug":"historic-exterior","categoryTitle":"Exterior","subcategoryTitle":"Historic","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/45622/be2c11eb53/akershus-fortress-oslo-3d-model-be2c11eb53.webp","saleOffDiscount":50,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false}},{"id":"18269","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":18269,"title":"Castillo del Morro - 3D Building Models","price":89.0,"description":"With your purchase you receive the 3D building model of the Castillo del Morro from the 20s as MAX, DAE, 3DS, C4D and SKP for immediate download. (see details)\n\nMorro Castle Spanish: Castillo de los Tres Reyes Magos del Morro, named after the three biblical Magi, is a fortress guarding the entrance to Havana bay in Havana, Cuba. The design was drawn up by the Italian engineer Juan Bautista Antonelli; originally under the control of Spain, the fortress was captured by the British in 1762, and was returned to the Spanish under treaty terms a year later.\n\nHavana Bay, c. 1639. by Johannes Vingboons\nThe Morro fortress in Havana shares its name with structures in Santiago de Cuba and the Castillo de San Felipe del Morro in San Juan, Puerto Rico. In this case, the Spanish ‘morro’ means a rock which is very visible from the sea and therefore serves as a navigational landmark. Perched on the promontory on the opposite side of the harbor from Old Havana, it can be viewed from miles around as it dominates the port entrance. Built initially in 1589 in response to raids on Havana harbor, el Morro protected the mouth of the harbor with a chain being strung out across the water to the fort at La Punta.\n\nRegion\tLatin America and the Caribbean\nThe Castillo de San Pedro de la Roca (also known by the less formal title of Castillo del Morro or as San Pedro de la Roca Castle) is a fortress on the coast of the Cuban city of Santiago de Cuba. About 6 miles (10 km) southwest of the city centre, it overlooks the bay.\n\nInitial design\nIt was designed in the early 1600s by Battista Antonelli (also known as Juan Battista Antonelli), a member of a Milanese family of military engineers, on behalf of the governor of the city, Pedro de la Roca de Borja, as a defense against raiding pirates, although an earlier, smaller, fortification had been built between 1590 and 1610. Antonelli design was adapted to the situation of the fortress on the steep sides of the promontory (the morro from which the fortress gets its name) reaching into the bay. It was constructed on a series of terraces; there were four main levels and three large bulwarks to house the artillery. Supplies would be delivered by sea and then stored in the large warehouse, which was cut directly into the rock, or transported up to the top level which housed the citadel. Construction of the citadel took 62 years, starting in 1638 and finally being completed in 1700, though work on the fortification was spasmodic. Antonelli was recalled to Cuba in 1598, shortly after the massive project was started, and other examples of his work can be seen there in the twin forts of Fuerte del Cojimar and Torreón de la Chorrera (Fuerte de Santa Doratea de Luna de Chorrera). Some of the structures from the earlier fortification were later incorporated into the main structure.\n\nFurther construction\n\nView over the bay from the fortress\nThe fear of pirate attacks was well-founded. While the fortress was still being constructed in 1662, English freebooters under the guidance of Christopher Myngs took control of Santiago for two weeks and during their stay destroyed part of the fortification and captured the artillery. After they departed, the Spanish government ordered the reconstruction of the damaged part of the fortress and raised the garrison to 300 men. Between 1663 and 1669 the engineers Juan Císcara Ibáñez, Juan Císcara Ramirez and Francisco Perez worked on repairing the damage and improving the fortifications, strengthening the flanks and constructing a new artillery platform. In 1678 it frustrated the attack of a French squadron and in 1680 fought off another attack by 800 men led by Franquesma, the second-in-command of the Antilles filibusters.\n\nBetween 1675 and 1692 the fortress was damaged by a series of earthquakes and reconstruction had to be carried out under the direction of Francisco Pérez between 1693 and 1695. From 1738–1740 further work was undertaken by the engineer Antonio de Arredondo, who enlarged the citadel and completed some of the unfinished platforms, with Juan Martín Cermeño and Francisco Calderín making the final changes to the structure after it was again damaged by earthquakes between 1757 and 1766.\n\nBy 1775, the fear of attack had diminished, and the parts of fortress known as the Rock (la Roca) and the Star (la Estrella) were converted into a prison for political prisoners, although the rest of the fortress continued to serve as a military base. It was again used as a fortress in 1898 when the United States' fleet attacked Santiago de Cuba during the Spanish–American War.\n\nWorld Heritage Site\nDuring the 20th century the Rock fell into decay, but it was restored during the 1960s by Francisco Prat Puig. The fortress was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997, cited as the best preserved and most complete example of Spanish-American military architecture.","imageAlt":"Castillo del Morro - 3D Building Models","url":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/exterior/historic-exterior/castillo-del-morro","isCLDApplicable":false,"isSaleOffApplicable":true,"gaAttributes":{},"primaryImage":{"gridFallbackUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/joEe9GbC3dzs42ZkrKkdPgVC/a26e47dab5f2d22c43d6c5ce4b4b46ecc30c70918878397cba1a10c1e35d7bfc/castillo-del-morro-3d-building-models-3d-model-max-3ds-c4d-rfa-dae-skp.jpg","gridUrl":"https://media.cgtrader.com/variants/joEe9GbC3dzs42ZkrKkdPgVC/78add9c2f02fbd73a43ffb3970be38683c5f15eff6ca849dc78c644f4ff9ce1b/castillo-del-morro-3d-building-models-3d-model-max-3ds-c4d-rfa-dae-skp.webp","isAdultContent":false},"modelInfo":{"modelUrl":"https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/exterior/historic-exterior/castillo-del-morro","isCgtVerified":false,"types":{"printReady":false,"animated":false,"pbr":false,"rigged":false,"lowPoly":false}},"metaverseFormatsList":[{"id":25,"name":".dae","is_native":false},{"id":2,"name":".3ds","is_native":false},{"id":6,"name":".c4d","is_native":false},{"id":17,"name":".max","is_native":false},{"id":141,"name":".rfa","is_native":false},{"id":14,"name":".skp","is_native":false}],"categorySlug":"exterior","subcategorySlug":"historic-exterior","categoryTitle":"Exterior","subcategoryTitle":"Historic","schemaImageUrl":"https://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/18269/151758c0e1/castillo-del-morro-3d-building-models-3d-model-151758c0e1.webp","saleOffDiscount":50,"eligibleForSubscription":false,"subscriptionSubscribed":false,"subscriptionPotential":false}},{"id":"42197","type":"listingItem","attributes":{"id":42197,"title":"Romantic moated castle","price":79.0,"description":"With your purchase you receive the 3D building model as DAE, 3DS, C4D and SKP for immediate download. (see details)\n\nSchloss Borbeck is a moated castle in Essen. It is situated in the suburb of Borbeck and from the 14th century it was the castle residency of the Essen sovereign abbesses. It received its present form in the 18th century. Since the 1980s, the building has been used as a venue for further training courses and cultural performances.\n\nThe three-storey main building is surrounded by a six to nine meters wide moat, which ends in a castle pond to the north. It owes its present, sober acting appearance conversion and extension work in the first half of the 18th century. The northern part of the light plastered rectangular building dates back to its two square towers at the corners and curved pediment from the Renaissance period, but was later changed to Baroque forms. The masonry of its main edifice stands on a 16 × 18-meters-plan and was built in the mid 17th century. He joins a south five windows at full extension, was probably begun in 1744. The gable roof of the building has on two roof slopes a series of dormers. At the southern end of its ridge is a ridge turret with a small bell. At both corners of the north facade, four storey corner towers, which are completed by a curly hood with an octagonal lantern rise. Both the towers and the buildings are accented by Eckquaderungen, but they are now hidden under the plaster. A 13-meter long stone bridge leads to the main entrance. It dates from the 19th century, replacing a wooden bridge, the bilateral central pillars were reused from Haustein.\n\nFortified residential structure of medieval Europe\nThis article is about medieval fortifications. For other uses, see Castle (disambiguation).\nA castle high on a rocky peninsula above a plain. It is dominated by a tall rectangular tower rising above a main building with steep slate roof. The walls are pink, and covered with a sculptural pattern. There is a variety of turrets and details.\nThe Alcázar of Segovia in Spain overlooking the city\nA castle of square plan surrounded by a water-filled moat. It has round corner towers and a forbidding appearance.\nBuilt in 1385, Bodiam Castle in East Sussex, England, is surrounded by a water-filled moat.\n\nSanta Maria da Feira Castle in Portugal, with its 15th-century pinnacles\nA castle (from Latin: castellum) is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages by predominantly the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the scope of the word castle, but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble. This is distinct from a palace, which is not fortified; from a fortress, which was not always a residence for royalty or nobility; and from a fortified settlement, which was a public defence – though there are many similarities among these types of construction. Usage of the term has varied over time and has been applied to structures as diverse as hill forts and country houses. Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built, they took on a great many forms with many different features, although some, such as curtain walls and arrowslits, were commonplace.\n\nA European innovation, castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries, after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes. These nobles built castles to control the area immediately surrounding them and the castles were both offensive and defensive structures; they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as protection from enemies. Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies, the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power. Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes, and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community, such as mills, fertile land, or a water source.\n\nMany castles were originally built from earth and timber, but had their defences replaced later by stone. Early castles often exploited natural defences, lacking features such as towers and arrowslits and relying on a central keep. In the late 12th and early 13th centuries, a scientific approach to castle defence emerged. This led to the proliferation of towers, with an emphasis on flanking fire. Many new castles were polygonal or relied on concentric defence – several stages of defence within each other that could all function at the same time to maximise the castle's firepower. These changes in defence have been attributed to a mixture of castle technology from the Crusades, such as concentric fortification, and inspiration from earlier defences, such as Roman forts. Not all the elements of castle architecture were military in nature, so that devices such as moats evolved from their original purpose of defence into symbols of power. Some grand castles had long winding approaches intended to impress and dominate their landscape.\n\nAlthough gunpowder was introduced to Europe in the 14th century, it did not significantly affect castle building until the 15th century, when artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls. While castles continued to be built well into the 16th century, new techniques to deal with improved cannon fire made them uncomfortable and undesirable places to live. As a result, true castles went into decline and were replaced by artillery forts with no role in civil administration, and country houses that were indefensible. From the 18th century onwards, there was a renewed interest in castles with the construction of mock castles, part of a romantic revival of Gothic architecture, but they had no military purpose.","imageAlt":"3D Romantic moated castle 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